7,266 research outputs found
An Empirical Look at the Controversy Surrounding the Nobel Prize for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Disputes between researchers over who deserves credit for technological breakthroughs are not unusual. Few such disputes, however, have attracted as much attention as the arguments surrounding the award of the 2003 Nobel Prize for Medicine. This prize was awarded to Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield to honor âdiscoveries concerning the development of magnetic resonance imagingâ â i.e. MRI. Soon after the award, another scientist, Raymond Damadian, took out full-page advertisements in national newspapers, decrying the award and stating that he should have been included alongside Lauterbur and Mansfield. This technical report examines Damadianâs claim from a strictly empirical perspective, by analyzing the impact of Damadian, Lauterbur, Mansfield and others on the development of MRI technology. Impact is measured via citations to their work from subsequent MRI-related patents and scientific papers. The report finds that all three scientists have had a strong impact on the development of MRI, and their early influence in this technology exceeds that of any other scientist. Damadianâs impact on MRI patents and papers was greater than that of Lauterbur and Mansfield in the initial, innovative phase of MRI technology; while Mansfield and Lauterbur (especially the former) became more influential in the growth and maturing phases. Given that the Nobel Prize can be awarded to up to three recipients, and is supposed to reward initial discoveries rather than improvements, it thus appears that, from an empirical perspective, the ânaturalâ solution would have been for all three scientists to share the award. Damadian may thus have been short-changed by the Nobel committee in its decision to omit him from the 2003 Nobel Prize for Medicine
Investing in People
Foundations have long created programs to provide grants to individualsâmost often in the form of fellowships, scholarships, and prizes. Several of these programs have become so prominent that they are now institutions in and of themselves. Consider just a few examples: the Pulitzer Prize, Fulbright Program, and MacArthur "genius" awards. Governments, as well as foundations large and small, fund individual support programs.The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has generously allowed the authors of this report to examine its portfolio of individual support programs to explore what the authors believe are some of the strategic fundamentals underlying this type of programming that could be applied to future individual support grantmaking. The purpose of this study is to inform those interested in individual support programs about not only some of the strategy considerations underlying this type of grantmaking but what these programs can be expected to achieveâand under what circumstances.
Campus & alumni news
Boston University Medicine was published by the Boston University Medical Campus, and presented stories on events and topics of interest to members of the BU Medical Campus community. It followed the discontinued publication Centerscope as Boston University Medicine from 1991-2005, and was continued as Campus & Alumni News from 2006-2013 before returning to the title Boston University Medicine from 2014-present
2021 Commencement Program
https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/commencement_progs/1085/thumbnail.jp
Socio-Economic Sourcing: Benefits of Small Business Set-Asides in Public Procurement
Purpose
Small businesses are critical to economic health and encouraged in government spending by set-asides â annual small business sourcing goals that often are not attained. Little research has explored the negative and risky stigmas associated with small business sourcing. Design/methodology/approach
This research explores reduced transaction costs of small business sourcing to government buyers. A survey of 350 government source selections reveals lower transaction costs derived from lower perceived risk of receiving a bid protest and via more efficient source selection processes. Findings
Contrary to common bias, the performance level of small businesses is no less than that of large business. Thus, small businesses engender lower transaction costs for correcting supplierâs performance. On the basis of these findings, managerial and theoretical implications are discussed
Focal Spot, Spring 2006
https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/focal_spot_archives/1102/thumbnail.jp
Enlightening the Darknets: Augmenting Darknet Visibility with Active Probes
Darknets collect unsolicited traffic reaching unused address spaces. They provide insights into malicious activities, such as the rise of botnets and DDoS attacks. However, darknets provide a shallow view, as traffic is never responded. Here we quantify how their visibility increases by responding to traffic with interactive responders with increasing levels of interaction. We consider four deployments: Darknets, simple, vertical bound to specific ports, and, a honeypot that responds to all protocols on any port. We contrast these alternatives by analyzing the traffic attracted by each deployment and characterizing how traffic changes throughout the responder lifecycle on the darknet. We show that the deployment of responders increases the value of darknet data by revealing patterns that would otherwise be unobservable. We measure Side-Scan phenomena where once a host starts responding, it attracts traffic to other ports and neighboring addresses. uncovers attacks that darknets and would not observe, e.g. large-scale activity on non-standard ports. And we observe how quickly senders can identify and attack new responders. The âenlightenedâ part of a darknet brings several benefits and offers opportunities to increase the visibility of sender patterns. This information gain is worth taking advantage of, and we, therefore, recommend that organizations consider this option
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