Co-opetition models for governing professional football

In recent years, models for co-creating value in a business-to-business context have often been examined with the aim of studying the strategies implemented by and among organisations for competitive and co-operative purposes. The traditional concepts of competition and co-operation between businesses have now evolved, both in terms of the sector in which the businesses operate and in terms of the type of goods they produce. Many researchers have, in recent times, investigated the determinants that can influence the way in which the model of co-opetition can be applied to the football world. Research interest lies in the particular features of what makes a good football. In this paper, the aim is to conduct an analysis of the rules governing the “football system”, while also looking at the determinants of the demand function within football entertainment. This entails applying to football match management the co-opetition model, a recognised model that combines competition and co-operation with the view of creating and distributing value. It can, therefore, be said that, for a spectator, watching sport is an experience of high suspense, and this suspense, in turn, depends upon the degree of uncertainty in the outcome. It follows that the rules ensuring that both these elements can be satisfied are a fertile ground for co-operation between clubs, as it is in the interest of all stakeholders to offer increasingly more attractive football, in comparison with other competing products. Our end purpose is to understand how co-opetition can be achieved within professional football

Le contrôle de gestion des clubs de football professionnel

Nature and modalities of the activity of professional football clubs are studied and interviews with a panel of experts are realized. An analysis of management control practices and tools of eight clubs representatives of the forty of football leagues 1 and 2 is presented. This allows to understand and to explain the structuring modes of the economic performance management systems in sport entertainment.La nature et les modalités de l'activité des clubs de football professionnel sont étudiées et des entretiens avec un panel d'experts sont réalisés. Une analyse des pratiques et outils de contrôle de gestion de huit clubs représentatifs des quarante des ligues 1 et 2 de football est présentée. Ceci permet de comprendre et d'expliquer les modes de structuration des systèmes de pilotage de la performance économique dans le sport spectacle

Cultural and Sports Participation in France: Choices, Diversity, and Accumulation

The French 2003 survey of household living conditions includes a cultural and sports participation module that covers radio and television consumption, reading, cultural outings, amateur activities, and sports, but also hunting and fishing. The social differentiation of attitudes to recreational activities is primarily determined by an accumulation criterion, which categorises individuals on the basis of the number and frequency of the activities in which they engage. Most activities do not seem mutually exclusive. People are all the more likely to engage in one if they already engage in another. An individuals ranking on the activity-accumulation scale seems more correlated with educational attainment than with income level. Differences in attitudes do not appear solely determined by the accumulation criterion. There is a contrast between persons who are not significantly engaged and two profiles of persons substantially more involved: individuals participating chiefly in sports activities, and individuals participating mainly in cultural activities.Cultural Consumption, Social Stratification, Leisure, Time Use