Karakteristik Briket Arang Serpihan Kayu dengan Penambahan Arang Tempurung Biji Karet

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of charcoal briqutte charcoal mixture of wood chips with charcoal rubber seed No- quality according to SNI 01-6235-2000. Research using completely randomized design (CRD) with charcoal treatment comparison wood chips and coconut shell charcoal rubber seed (K0 = 100%: 0%); (K1 = 90%: 10%); (K2 = 80%: 20%); (K3 = 70%: 30%); (K4 = 60%: 40%); (K5 = 50%: 50%). The results showed that variations in mix charcoal wood chips and coconut shell charcoal rubber seeds significantly affect the density,press charcoal briquettes, moisture content, levels of substance evaporates, ash content, bound carbon content and calorific value briquettes. The result showed that the best treatment in treatment K5 namely charcoal briquettes are made with 50% charcoal wood chips and 50% charcoal rubber seed with higher levels of density 0,901 g/cm3, firmness press of 0,466 kg/cm2, the water content of 2,86%, levels of substance evaporates 36,04%, ash content 5,11%, bound carbon content 58,84%, calorific value of 5492,438 cal/g

Lubricant ester synthesis from rubber seeds waste using cockle shells as solid catalyst

This paper presents the lubricant ester synthesis from rubber seeds waste using cockle shells as solid catalyst. Rubber seeds were chosen as raw materials in synthesizing lubricant because it is a type non-edible resource and this can avoid the problem of shortcoming on human foods. Rubber seed and cockle shell was abundance in Malaysia and causing waste problem. The kernel of rubber seed was milled into average size of 1mm in diameter. N-hexane is used as solvent in microwave assisted extraction of rubber seed oil. The catalyst that used in this research is cockle shells due to the high content on CaCO3 which can be converted into CaO. The cockle shells was cleaned and crushed into smaller particles before undergoes calcination process. Then, the activated and inactivated catalysts was analysed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. N-hexane was used as solvent in microwave assisted extraction of rubber seed oil. Two steps transesterification process was applied in order to reduce the fatty acid content in the rubber seed oil. The rubber seed oil extracted from rubber seeds underwent two steps esterification process to produce rubber seed methyl ester (RSME). The biolubricant produced through the transesterification process of rubber seed methyl ester (RSME) and trimethylolpropane (TMP) with the presence of CaO catalyst under difference parameter of temperature, reaction time and catalyst loading. Then, the viscosity of biolubricant was analysed using viscometer.The composition of CaO in calcinated cockle shells was 97.06%. Various temperature, reaction time and catalyst loading were applied to seek the optimized result. The results shows RSME has successfully being converted into 37.8% of triester at the temperature of 110 0C, 3wt% of CaO catalyst and 3 hours of reaction time. While for viscosity of the lubricant, the kinematics viscosity of lubricant fulfill the ISO VG 46. The viscosity of lubricant was found to be higher than other plant based lubricant such as palm oi

Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil using waste cockles

A two-step heterogeneous catalyzed process of high free fatty acids (FFA) rubber seed oil was conducted to produce biodiesel in lab scale. Acid esterification process was first used to reduced the high FFA rubber seed oil from 78.9% to below 1%. The low cost cockle shell was utilized as a source of CaO heterogeneous catalyst by calcination process and its effect on transesterification process was studied. The optimum yield of 88.06% was obtained for the final product of biodiesel under optimal conditions of 16:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 9% catalyst weight percentage with 3 hours reaction time. All fuel properties were analysed according to the ASTM D 6751 standard and found within the requirements

Penentuan Ph dan Suhu Optimum untuk Aktivitas Ekstrak Kasar Enzim Lipase dari Kecambah Biji Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis) terhadap Hidrolisis Pko (Palm Kernel Oil)

Determination of optimum pH and temperature for crude lipase enzyme activity from rubber seeds germination had been conducted. Rubber seed germination made by soaking time process, seed separation with shell\u27s and seed germination in temperature 27-30oC during 6 days. Crude lipase enzyme was obtained by two times centrifugations with the speed of rotation at 5000 rpm and 10000 rpm during 30 minutes by additing aceton 70%. The crude enzyme is diluted with phosfat buffer pH 7,0. The activity test of crude lipase enzyme is done by measurement of free fatty acid levels is obtained from hydrolisis process of PKO as subtrate by titrimetric method at temperature variation 40; 45; 50; 55; 60oC and pH 6,0; 6,5; 7,0; 7,5; 8,0. The result shower that the highest activity is 2,432 U/mL at pH optimum 7,0 and temperature optimum 40oC

The Hong Kong Declaration and Agriculture - Implications for Bangladesh

This paper reviews the developments in WTO negotiation on agriculture in the light of the Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration. It has critically analysed the decisions and negotiating proposals adopted through the Declaration. The paper has also analysed possible impacts of the adopted decisions and proposals for Bangladeshs agriculture sector and its economy. Potential impacts are measured in terms of reduction in tariff, domestic support and export subsidy. More importantly, the paper has quantified potential impacts of agricultural trade liberalisation under Doha Round negotiations on prices and welfare gains, production, consumption and trade of agricultural commodities in Bangladesh. Based on the research findings, the paper has suggested some negotiating strategies for Bangladesh to be pursued in the on-going WTO negotiations on agriculture.Bangladesh, trade, Hong Kong Declaration, WTO, agriculture

An Insight Analysis of Nano sized powder of Jackfruit Seed

The preparation of biodegradable nanomaterials by blending starch nanocrystals with various polymer matrices are the most active research. This work reports aspect related to nano-sized particles of jackfruit seed. This approach is simple, faster, eco-friendly, cost effective and suitable for large scale production. X-Ray Diffraction studies analyze particles size, morphology, type of starch and degree of crystallinity. The particle size is found to be 12nm, specific surface area is 625 m2g-1, contains A-type starch and 32% degree of crystallinity. A morphology index (MI) is developed from FWHM of XRD data to understand interrelationship of particle size and specific surface area. MI range is from 0.50 to 0.74. It is correlated with the particle size and specific surface area. It is observed that MI has direct relationship with particle size and an inverse relationship with specific surface area.Comment: 12 Pages, 5 Figures, 5 Table