IMPACT OF FEAR BEHAVIOR ON PREY POPULATION GROWTH PREY-PREDATOR INTERACTION

Experiments on the living environment of vertebrate ecosystems, it has been shown that predators have a massive influence on the demographic growth rate of prey. The proposed fear effect is a mathematical model that affects the reproductive growth rate of prey with the Holling Type I interaction model. Mathematical analysis of the prey-predator model shows that a strong anti-predator response can provide stability for prey-predator interactions. The parameter area taken will be shown for the extinction of the prey population, the balance of population survival, and the balance between the prey birth rate and the predator death rate. Numerical simulations were given to investigate the biological parameters of the population (birth rate, natural mortality of prey, and predators). Another numerical illustration that is seen is the behavior of prey which is less sensitive in considering the risk of predators with the growth rate of prey

Fear effect in a three-species food chain model with generalist predator

Within the framework of a food web, the foraging behavior of meso-carnivorous species is influenced by fear responses elicited by higher trophic level species, consequently diminishing the fecundity of these species. In this study, we investigate a three-species food chain model comprising of prey, an intermediate predator, and a top predator. We assume that both the birth rate and intraspecies competition of prey are impacted by fear induced by the intermediate predator. Additionally, the foraging behavior of the intermediate predator is constrained due to the presence of the top predator. It is essential to note that the top predators exhibit a generalist feeding behavior, encompassing food sources beyond the intermediate predators. The study systematically determines all feasible equilibria of the proposed model and conducts a comprehensive stability analysis of these equilibria. The investigation reveals that the system undergoes Hopf bifurcation concerning various model parameters. Notably, when other food sources significantly contribute to the growth of the top predators, the system exhibits stable behavior around the interior equilibrium. Our findings indicate that the dynamic influence of fear plays a robust role in stabilizing the system. Furthermore, a cascading effect within the system, stemming from the fear instigated by top predators, is observed and analyzed. Overall, this research sheds light on the intricate dynamics of fear-induced responses in shaping the stability and behavior of multi-species food web systems, highlighting the profound cascading effects triggered by fear mechanisms in the ecosystem