ELIMINATION OF CADMIUM AND LEAD MIXTURE IN SOLUTION BY PRETREATED RICE STRAW AND HUSK

An experiment on the activity of pretreated rice straw and husk in eliminating heavy metals from solution has been conducted. The rice straw and husk were soaked in 3% NaOH solution, drained and then washed with demineralised water until the washing became neutral (the results were referred to as straw and husk). The pretreated rice straw and husk (straw and husk) were mixed (stirring and without stirring) separately with Cd and Pb solution in time series. It was found that Cd was adsorbed more than Pb and straw was more active than husk. On the other hand, the stirring process and time series did not give much effect on straw, while the activity of husk increased with the increase of time period

Improvement of Rice Straw Hydrolysate Preparation for Bioethanol Production Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ATCC 24860

Production of biological ethanol (bioethanol) from biomass waste residues through biotechnological approach (cellulosic bioethanol) is important nowadays as it is a mitigation process towards fossil fuel depletion, energy crisis and greenhouse gasses pollution. It is an environmental friendly process which also facilitates carbon sequestration and provides a carbon neutral fuel for transportation and other applications. It is also an alternative way to utilize biomass waste from agroindustries such as oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice straw. In this study, cellulosic bioethanol was produced from rice straw through a three-stage system which are pretreatment of the rice straw, enzyme production and cellulosic bioethanol fermentation. The first stage is pretreatment, where improvements on existing pretreatment technologies were studied, without chemical treatment. Wet disc milling machine was used with the addition of water to the rice straw prior the milling process involving rotating grinding stones. By incorporating thermal treatment (121°C) to the wet discmilled product, there are improvements in free glucose released prior to enzymatic hydrolysis and reduction in lignocellulosic particle size. It was found that by wet disc milling and thermal treatment, 0.046 g glucose was released per g rice straw as compared to 0.024 g glucose per g rice straw respectively. While for NaOH pretreatment, no glucose release can be detected after pretreatment since the rice straw must be rinsed to remove the chemical. The second stage involves cellulase production and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw. By incorporating 50 mL of palm oil mill effluent (POME) as nutrient in 1 liter Mandel’s medium, cellulase production from rice straw by Aspergillus sp. at 30°C after 5 days produced remarkable activity, which is 6.3 FPU/g rice straw used. This crude cellulase when used on pretreated rice straw in 50 mL bottle with magnetic stirrer bar at pH 4.8 and temperature of 50°C gave higher glucose compared to nonthermal treated rice straw, with increment from 0.245 g glucose/g rice straw to 0.380 g glucose/g rice straw. The third stage involves ethanol fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 24860. The pH of the hydrolyzed rice straw was adjusted to 6.0 prior to the yeast inoculation. Incubation was carried out in 50 mL stirrer bottle at 37°C. Theoretically, one mole of glucose (180.16 g) will be converted into two moles of ethanol (92.14 g). In this study, 0.10 g ethanol/g rice straw obtained, which counted for 62.61% of bioethanol produced

Abu Jerami Dalam Kaca, Seramik Kaca Dan Komposit Polimer

Kajian ini merangkumi tiga bahagian utama iaitu, mengenai pencirian jerami dan abu jerami, abu jerami di dalam kaca serta seramik kaca dan abu jerami sebagai pengisi dalam komposit polimer. This work consists of three main parts; characterization of rice straw and rice straw ash, rice straw ash in glasses and glass ceramics, and rice straw ash as a filler in polymer composites

Improving soil quality and upland rice yield in northern Benin with no-tillage, rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilization

Management practices that simultaneously improve soil properties and yield are crucial to sustain high crop production and minimize detrimental impact on the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage, rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilization on soil quality and upland rice yield in northern Benin, West Africa. The 2-year (2014-2015) field experiment was conducted with two tillage systems (no-tillage, and manual tillage), two rice straw managements (no rice straw, and rice straw mulch at 3 Mg ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer levels (no nitrogen, moderate level of nitrogen: 60 kg ha-1, and high level of nitrogen: 120 kg ha-1). Rice yield was not significantly different as a function of tillage systems. On the contrary, rice yield significantly increased with application of rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilizer. The highest response of rice yield to nitrogen fertilizer addition was obtained for 60 kg N ha-1 in combination with 3 Mg ha-1 of rice straw for the two tillage systems. Soil moisture and soil microbial carbon were higher under no-tillage, rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilizer. No-tillage combined with rice straw mulch and 60 kg N ha-1 could be used by smallholder farmers to improve soil quality and achieve higher grain yield in upland rice fields in northern Benin. (Résumé d'auteur

Evaluating Rice Straw as a Substitute for Barley Straw in Inhibiting Algal Growth in Farm Ponds

Algal blooms disrupt aquatic ecosystems and are more common in lakes, ponds, and rivers during the summer months due to nutrient pollution. Livestock production can contribute increased quantities of nutrients to water bodies from runoff of manure. Commonly used mechanical and chemical control methods may have limited success because algae are small and propagate quickly. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) straw has been shown to inhibit the growth of algae as the straw decomposes aerobically in ponds. Therefore, barley represents a natural option for algal biomass control. However, the small amount of barley production in Arkansas limits the availability of barley straw as a solution to control algal blooms locally. Other cereal grain straws may produce similar inhibitory effects during decomposition. Rice (Oryza sativa) is produced in large quantities in Arkansas, making rice straw a locally sourced straw product. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of using rice compared to barley straw to inhibit algal growth in freshwater ponds. Data were collected from nine farm ponds, three treated with rice straw, three treated with barley straw, and three without amendment to serve as the experimental control. Dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), dissolved phosphorus (P), temperature, and turbidity were measured for 14 weeks from June 12 to September 17, 2018. Algal biomass was measured as chlorophyll-a concentration to evaluate treatment effectiveness over time. Dissolved oxygen was significantly influenced by treatment and time. The NO3--N concentration in ponds treated with rice straw was significantly greater than the control and barley treatment. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were variable, and there were no consistent trends through time within a treatment. More research under controlled conditions to understand impacts of abiotic conditions, microbial and algal community compositions, and mode of action of algal inhibition is required before cereal straw can be a reliable, locally sourced method of algal control in farm ponds

Nitrogen Transformation in Flooded Soil : Application of Rice Straw and Rice Straw Composts and Its Effect on Nitrogen Uptake and Acetylene Reduction Activity in Rice Plant Rhizosphere

The use of organic materials aimed in reducing the dependence on inputs such as chemical fertilizers can contribute to sustainability and improving the low N fertilizer efficiency of rice plants in paddy soils. Therefore, better understanding of N transformation in flooded soils, particularly the microbial transformation of N-organic amendments to plant-available N, is needed for most efficient use of soil and organic materials N for aiding in the selection of N management practices for sustainable agriculture. The experiments were conducted at the laboratory and in the greenhouse of Soil Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Incubation experiment was conducted at room temperature for 120 days to observe the availability of N-NH4+ in soil amended rice straw or rice straw composts and its combination with urea. After 21 days of incubation period, the rice straw amended soils showed that NNH4+ release was higher than the other treatments. The 4-monthand 8-month-compost of rice straw showed that N mineralization rate was lower and the N availability was lower than rice straw. The results of pot experiment in greenhouse revealed that the added rice straw was comparable with urea in its effect on the increase of dry matter weight of rice plants, number of tillers, Nuptake of rice, and recovery N efficiency. The application of rice straw, however, promoted the activity of nitrogenase enzyme higher than rice straw composts. The effect of rice straw on observed parameters were much better than its composts

Potency and Carrying Capacity of Rice Straw for Beef Cattle Feeding in East Kalimantan

Utilization of rice straw instead of green fodder is very potential to meet the scarcity of green fodder in the dry season. Low nutrient content and bulky characteristic of rice straw can be anticipated through treatment. Optimal utilization of rice straw provides opportunities for a waste-free production concept of low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). The research was conducted in two stages: 1) survey using purposive sampling techniques to determine the potential quantity of rice straw in three districts; and 2) a laboratory experiment, aimed to determine the potential nutritional quality of rice straw. Surveys in the form of data collection on the extent of paddy rice crops, the number of beef cattle population as the basis for determining the carrying capacity of rice straw in providing the feed. Laboratory experiments included sample preparation of rice straw through the enumeration, drying, determination of dry matter (DM), and proximate analysis. The results showed that average yield of rice straw in the area of research during the last five years was +9.799; +8.302; +7.079; +8.714; and +6.432 tons/year, respectively. The average population was 1.264, 1.616, 1.842, 1.683, and 1.919 animal unit (AU)/year, respectively. The average feed requirement for beef cattle was 44.609, 23.719, 20.225, 24.897, and 18.377 tons/year, respectively. On the average, carrying capacity per year was 54.07, 78.91, 20.16, 65.91, and 16.58 AU/year, respectively. Chemical composition of rice straw according to proximate analysis was DM=87.85%, crude protein=4.86%, ether extract=0.91%, crude fibre = 41.07%, Nitrogen free extract = 36.98%, and Total digestible nutrient = 46.65%. In conclusion, in terms of quantity and quality, rice straw has the potential to meet the needs of beef cattle feed in Penajam Paser Utara, Kutai Kartanegara and Berau

Komponen Proksimat pada Kombinasi Jerami Padi dan Jerami Jagung yang Difermentasi dengan Berbagai Aras Isi Rumen Kerbau

The purpose of research that examines the influence of fermentation with cedar buffalo rumen contents differently to proximate component quality on rice straw, corn straw and rice straw-corn. The research was conducted in May and June 2012 in the Laboratory of Animal Feed Technology and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Food Animals, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Agriculture, Diponegoro University, Semarang. The material used in this study is the buffalo rumen contents, rice straw and corn straw. Research tools include: chopper, trays, plastic, scales, knives, pH meter, thermometer, label paper, tissue and apparatus for proximate analysis. Research using completely randomized design (CRD) 4x3 factorial with 3 replications. Factors that influence is the addition of cedar buffalo rumen contents and straw combination. Factors adding buffalo rumen contents, there are 4 levels of 0% (R0), 5% (R5), 10% (R10), 15% (R15) and R0 as the control is 0% waste fermentation. Another factor is a combination of rice straw and corn are 100% rice straw: 0% corn straw (P), 50% rice straw: 50% corn straw (PJ), 0% rice straw: 100% corn straw (J). Parameters measured were proximate component changes the dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and extract materials without nitrogen. The data were statistically processed by analysis of the range and if there is a significant effect of treatment was continued multiple regions Duncan test at 5% level. Based on the results of the study showed an increase in dry matter, ash, crude protein and crude fat along with increasing cedar buffalo rumen contents. Levels best proximate components obtained at PJR10 straw