Maturity of Industry 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review of Assessment Campaigns

The Industry 4.0 paradigm represents the fourth industrial revolution, embodied by the marriage between information and communication technologies and manufacturing. Assessment campaigns are conducted to examine the status of deployment of that paradigm, mostly through self-assessment questionnaires. Each campaign is typically limited in scope, involving just a group of companies located in a few countries at most. Such limitation does not allow an overall view of Industry 4.0's diffusion. In this paper, we offer that panoramic view through a systematic literature review. The number of papers devoted to Industry 4.0 assessment grows steadily. However, many papers do not provide essential information about the assessment campaigns they report, e.g., not detailing the number, type, or location of companies involved and the questionnaire employed. We observe a large diffusion in Europe and Asia but not in the U.S., with the Top 5 countries being Malaysia, Poland, Italy, Germany and Slovakia. The campaigns uniformly cover small, medium, and large companies but not all industrial sectors. The choice of questionnaires is extremely varied, with no standard emerging

Taking back control of the energy sector?:A legal analysis of Brexit and the EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement

This book focuses on the legal consequences of Brexit for the energy sector both in the United Kingdom and in the European Union. In particular, it considers to what extent the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is adequate for the energy sector post-Brexit by exploring whether the TCA delivers legal certainty, has been effectively implemented, and meets the Brexit objectives.The analysis of these questions leads to several recommendations, for instance in relation to the implementation of the TCA and its extension to new energy technologies

Taking back control of the energy sector?:A legal analysis of Brexit and the EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement

This book focuses on the legal consequences of Brexit for the energy sector both in the United Kingdom and in the European Union. In particular, it considers to what extent the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is adequate for the energy sector post-Brexit by exploring whether the TCA delivers legal certainty, has been effectively implemented, and meets the Brexit objectives.The analysis of these questions leads to several recommendations, for instance in relation to the implementation of the TCA and its extension to new energy technologies

Taking back control of the energy sector?:A legal analysis of Brexit and the EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement

This dissertation explores the impact of Brexit on the energy sector. It is composed of six chapters. The first three chapters were written during the Brexit negotiations and analyse the possible future governance of and regulatory regime applicable to United Kingdom (UK) and European Union (EU) energy matters (chapter 2), the UK's exit from the European Atomic Energy treaty (chapter 3), and the impact of Brexit on existing and future electricity and gas interconnectors (chapter 4). The subsequent chapters analysis the trade and cooperation agreement between the EU and the UK (TCA) generally in relation to energy (chapter 5), the impact of the TCA on EU market access for UK companies and electricity trading arrangements (chapter 6) and the EU's supply security (chapter 7). The findings show that Brexit has politicised the energy market in an unprecedented way and brought legal uncertainty and therefore inefficiencies and costs to the energy sector. The findings also demonstrate that the TCA is not an adequate replacement for the regulatory framework of the EU energy market that its implementation is complex and slow. In its conclusion, the dissertation develops recommendations as to how the energy relations between the UK and the EU might be improved in the short term. These include implementation measures of the TCA such the agreement of electricity trading regime for cross-border trading between Great Britain and the EU, a decision-making forum for the British and EU energy regulatory authorities, and steps to extend the TCA to new energy technologies