Spatial spectrum and energy efficiency of random cellular networks

It is a great challenge to evaluate the network performance of cellular mobile communication systems. In this paper, we propose new spatial spectrum and energy efficiency models for Poisson-Voronoi tessellation (PVT) random cellular networks. To evaluate the user access the network, a Markov chain based wireless channel access model is first proposed for PVT random cellular networks. On that basis, the outage probability and blocking probability of PVT random cellular networks are derived, which can be computed numerically. Furthermore, taking into account the call arrival rate, the path loss exponent and the base station (BS) density in random cellular networks, spatial spectrum and energy efficiency models are proposed and analyzed for PVT random cellular networks. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the network spectrum and energy efficiency in PVT random cellular networks.Comment: appears in IEEE Transactions on Communications, April, 201

Green Cellular Networks: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges

Energy efficiency in cellular networks is a growing concern for cellular operators to not only maintain profitability, but also to reduce the overall environment effects. This emerging trend of achieving energy efficiency in cellular networks is motivating the standardization authorities and network operators to continuously explore future technologies in order to bring improvements in the entire network infrastructure. In this article, we present a brief survey of methods to improve the power efficiency of cellular networks, explore some research issues and challenges and suggest some techniques to enable an energy efficient or "green" cellular network. Since base stations consume a maximum portion of the total energy used in a cellular system, we will first provide a comprehensive survey on techniques to obtain energy savings in base stations. Next, we discuss how heterogeneous network deployment based on micro, pico and femto-cells can be used to achieve this goal. Since cognitive radio and cooperative relaying are undisputed future technologies in this regard, we propose a research vision to make these technologies more energy efficient. Lastly, we explore some broader perspectives in realizing a "green" cellular network technologyComment: 16 pages, 5 figures, 2 table

Energy efficiency of small cell backhaul networks based on Gauss-Markov mobile models

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2015. To satisfy the recent growth of mobile data usage, small cells are recommended to deploy into conventional cellular networks. However, the massive backhaul traffic is a troublesome problem for small cell networks, especial in wireless backhaul transmission links. In this study, backhaul traffic models are first presented considering the Gauss-Markov mobile models of mobile stations in small cell networks. Furthermore, an energy efficiency model of small cell backhaul networks with Gauss-Markov mobile models has been proposed. Numerical results indicate that the energy efficiency of small cell backhaul networks can be optimised by trade-off the number and radius of small cells in cellular networks

5G Wireless Backhaul Networks: Challenges and Research Advance

5G networks are expected to achieve gigabit-level throughput in future cellular networks. However, it is a great challenge to treat 5G wireless backhaul traffic in an effective way. In this article, we analyze the wireless backhaul traffic in two typical network architectures adopting small cell and millimeter wave commmunication technologies. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of wireless backhaul networks is compared for different network architectures and frequency bands. Numerical comparison results provide some guidelines for deploying future 5G wireless backhaul networks in economical and highly energy-efficient ways

A Game Theoretic Analysis for Energy Efficient Heterogeneous Networks

Smooth and green future extension/scalability (e.g., from sparse to dense, from small-area dense to large-area dense, or from normal-dense to super-dense) is an important issue in heterogeneous networks. In this paper, we study energy efficiency of heterogeneous networks for both sparse and dense two-tier small cell deployments. We formulate the problem as a hierarchical (Stackelberg) game in which the macro cell is the leader whereas the small cell is the follower. Both players want to strategically decide on their power allocation policies in order to maximize the energy efficiency of their registered users. A backward induction method has been used to obtain a closed-form expression of the Stackelberg equilibrium. It is shown that the energy efficiency is maximized when only one sub-band is exploited for the players of the game depending on their fading channel gains. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, in Wiopt 201

Challenges and complexities in application of LCA approaches in the case of ICT for a sustainable future

In this work, three of many ICT-specific challenges of LCA are discussed. First, the inconsistency versus uncertainty is reviewed with regard to the meta-technological nature of ICT. As an example, the semiconductor technologies are used to highlight the complexities especially with respect to energy and water consumption. The need for specific representations and metric to separately assess products and technologies is discussed. It is highlighted that applying product-oriented approaches would result in abandoning or disfavoring of new technologies that could otherwise help toward a better world. Second, several believed-untouchable hot spots are highlighted to emphasize on their importance and footprint. The list includes, but not limited to, i) User Computer-Interfaces (UCIs), especially screens and displays, ii) Network-Computer Interlaces (NCIs), such as electronic and optical ports, and iii) electricity power interfaces. In addition, considering cross-regional social and economic impacts, and also taking into account the marketing nature of the need for many ICT's product and services in both forms of hardware and software, the complexity of End of Life (EoL) stage of ICT products, technologies, and services is explored. Finally, the impact of smart management and intelligence, and in general software, in ICT solutions and products is highlighted. In particular, it is observed that, even using the same technology, the significance of software could be highly variable depending on the level of intelligence and awareness deployed. With examples from an interconnected network of data centers managed using Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) technology and smart cooling systems, it is shown that the unadjusted assessments could be highly uncertain, and even inconsistent, in calculating the management component's significance on the ICT impacts.Comment: 10 pages. Preprint/Accepted of a paper submitted to the ICT4S Conferenc