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    ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด ๋น„๊ต

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์ธ์ง€๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2021. 2. ์œค๋ช…ํ™˜.The purpose of this study is to determine the differences in stress-level and attentional functions between experienced and non-experienced drivers during intersection-related hazard situations. A simulation experiment was conducted to twenty-one licensed drivers (15 males and 6 females, mean age 27.71 ยฑ 3.62) which were categorized into two groups, experienced and novice, based on the frequency and length of their driving experience. The participants were asked to drive on the same lane at a constant speed for 9 randomized trials with three different conditions (no hazard, low hazard, high hazard). ECG, GSR and eye-tracking data were collected throughout the whole session and a subjective questionnaire measuring perceived stress and attention load was administered after every trial. Mixed-ANOVA showed significant variations in driving performance across conditions (p < 0.001 for both lane and speed deviation), but not in between groups. Similarly, GSR metrics (SCR, Sum of Amplitudes, Phasic Max) showed a progressive increase in stress from hazard conditions 1 to 3, but no differences were found between groups. In contrast, ECG measures (STD RR, RMSSD, HF) revealed that experienced drivers exhibited greater stress during intersection-related hazard situations than novices. In terms of attention, both AOI-based and non-AOI-based measures (fixation count, mean fixation duration, time-to-first-fixation and horizontal dispersion) demonstrate significant differences in attention functions across conditions, but group effects were only evident in time-to-first fixation metrics. It was revealed that experienced drivers were faster to attend to the hazard stimulus than novices. In addition, an interaction was also found between experience and condition in mean fixation duration. Experienced drivers showed proportional attention allocation to both the primary task and hazard stimulus during high hazard situations than novice drivers. The overall result of the psychophysiological measures was further affirmed by the results from the subjective questionnaire whereby experienced drivers exhibited more changes in stress-level and attention load as the condition changed. The results suggest that experienced drivers are more sensitive, in terms of stress and attention functions, to changes in driving conditions than novices. The results of this study may be applied in designing more effective training modules and driver support systems that would help drivers specifically during intersection-related hazard situations.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์šด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ฐ„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šด์ „ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž์™€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ ์šด์ „๋ฉดํ—ˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ 21๋ช…์˜ ์šด์ „์ž๋“ค (๋‚จ์„ฑ 15๋ช…, ์—ฌ์„ฑ 6๋ช…, ํ‰๊ท  27.71 ยฑ 3.62์„ธ)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด(๋ฌด์œ„ํ—˜, ์ €์œ„ํ—˜, ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜)์ด ์ž„์˜๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋™์ผ ์ฐจ์„ ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์† ์ฃผํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์—…์„ 9ํšŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ์—…์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ECG, GSR, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹œ์„  ์ถ”์  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Mixed-ANOVA ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šด์ „ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋„๋Š” ์ฐจ์„  ์ดํƒˆ ๋ฐ ์†๋„ ์ดํƒˆ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜(p < 0.001), ์šด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, GSR ์ฒ™๋„(SCR, Sum of Amplitudes, Phasic Max)๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์šด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ECG ์ฒ™๋„(STD RR, RMSSD, HF)๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋™์•ˆ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ AOI์™€ non-AOI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์‹œ์„  ์ถ”์  ์ฒ™๋„(fixation count, mean fixation duration, time-to-first-fixation and horizontal dispersion)๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ณ„ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์šด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” time-to-first-fixation์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, mean fixation duration์—์„œ๋Š” ์šด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๊ตํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ณผ์—…๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ž๊ทน ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๋น„๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ณ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋” ์‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์ฒ™๋„๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™•์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ž์™€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์› ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents ii List of Tables iv List of Figures v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Objectives 4 1.3 Organization of the Thesis 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 2.1 Overview 5 2.2 Driving Experience and Performance 5 2.3 Stress 8 2.3.1 Stress and Driving 9 2.3.2 Driving Experience and Stress Susceptibility 11 2.3.3 Psychophysiological Measures of Stress 12 2.3.4 Subjective Measures of Stress 14 2.4 Attentional Functions 15 2.4.1 Attention and Driving 16 2.4.2 Driving Experience and Attention 18 2.4.3 Eye-tracking Measures of Attention 20 2.4.4 Subjective Measures of Attention 21 Chapter 3 Driving Simulation Experiment 22 3.1 Overview and Hypotheses 22 3.2 Methods 23 3.2.1 Participants 23 3.2.2 Apparatus 24 3.2.3 Measures 26 3.2.4 Experimental Design 27 3.2.5 Experimental Procedure 29 3.2.6 Data Analysis 30 3.3 Results 31 Chapter 4 Discussion 58 4.1 Driving Performance 58 4.2 Stress Level 59 4.3 Attentional Functions 62 Chapter 5 Conclusion 65 5.1 Conclusion 65 5.2 Future Direction 65 Bibliography 66 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 77Maste
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