Global traceability

The use of Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in supply chain management (SCM) systems was a big source for optimism. However, the expected rapid industry adoption of RFID did not take place. This research explores some of the existing challenges and obstacles to RFID adoption, such as the lack of consistent UHF spectrum regulations for RFID or the absence of standards that promote integration with Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC) media. As a conclusion, in this project we suggest some solutions to these challenges in the use of multi-frequency RFID tags that can be read at more that one frequency or novel migration strategies and standards that would help expand the industry.Outgoin

Internet Of Things Based Wireless Sensor Network System For Water Quality Monitoring

Generally, rivers are the main resource of water for living thing. The river's water quality affects our health directly which can be harmful if we consume contaminated water. Thanks to the advancement of technology in current water quality monitoring (WQM) for safe water consuming. Basically, on-site WQM and continuous WQM are being extensively deployed in Malaysia. The on-site method provide high mobility, low operation cost and low probability of theft problem or equipment damage as there is no fixed installation at WQM spot is required. However it vulnerable to high probability of human error due to manual operation and non-consistent real-time data solution. Meanwhile, the continuous WQM or also known as automatic station-based WQM provides consistent real-time data solution with no human error during WQM process. But its disadvantages are low mobility, high probability of theft problem due to fixed equipment installation and involve high operation cost. Therefore, the objective of this study is to design a hybrid WQM system which can improve the current issues of both WQM methods through multiple wireless technologies embedment. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, WSN and internet bandwidth are consolidated into one platform of Internet of Thing (IoT) ecosystem namely IoT for water quality monitoring (IoT-WQM) system is studied. The proposed IoT-WQM system provides real-time monitoring on pH level and ambient temperature and enhanced with mobile alert triggering system through mobile device. To achieve the objective of this study, a prototype of proposed system are designed and developed based on literature reviews. Then it was analyzed by several series of experiment to investigate its performance and characteristic. This includes frequency verification, energy analysis, anti-collision detection analysis, WSN range test analysis, throughput and network latency. Based on conducted analyses, the average percentage difference for pH measurement during wet weather condition are 0.31 % for IoT-WQM system and 0.28 % for standalone RFID system. While, the average percentage difference during dry weather condition for the IoT-WQM and standalone RFID systems are 0.36 % and 0.33 % respectively. The analysis of anti-collision detection shows a 100 % receiving efficiency of the transmitted information packet by transmitting IoT-WQM tags. The maximum outdoor range test result in LoS environment of IoT-WQM system based on extrapolation is 100 % identical with the XBee Pro specification which is 6.5 km. Meanwhile, the maximum reading of average RSSI value for multihop NLoS communication is -85 dBm at 1000 m distance. The average throughput of IoT-WQM system is 0.23% slightly higher than standalone RFID system for both encrypted and unencrypted modes. Meanwhile, the average latency of IoT-WQM system is slightly higher than standalone RFID system for both encrypted and unencrypted mode which are 0.12 % and 0.45 % respectively

Performance Analysis of Effective Range and Orientation of UHF Passive RFID

The purpose of this research is to characterize the performance of UHF passive RFID tags. Factors of importance are the impact of tag orientation and distance from the RFID reader. Within this study, a comprehensive literature review of RFID technology is presented as well as the methodology used for the research. Furthermore, an analysis of RFID tag experiments is discussed and the results reviewed. To accomplish this task, two main objectives have been established as goals for the study. The first objective is to determine an optimum tag orientation within the RFID reader’s normal read range. Once the optimum tag orientation is determined, the orientation is used to perform range variation tests. The end goal of these tests is to find the maximum range at which the tags are readable under normal conditions using standard equipment. Grasping an idea of RFID tag boundaries contributes to the security and privacy of the technology. This is extremely important as RFID tags are becoming the logistical tool of choice for Department of Defense (DoD) supply chains. This fundamental study creates a foundation that may support both offensive and defensive oriented research. By understanding tag weaknesses and strengths, users of the technology can make sound decisions that lead to the protection of valuable information and assets

Ensuring Application Specific Security, Privacy and Performance Goals in RFID Systems

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is an automatic identification technology that uses radio frequency to identify objects. Securing RFID systems and providing privacy in RFID applications has been the focus of much academic work lately. To ensure universal acceptance of RFID technology, security and privacy issued must be addressed into the design of any RFID application. Due to the constraints on memory, power, storage capacity, and amount of logic on RFID devices, traditional public key based strong security mechanisms are unsuitable for them. Usually, low cost general authentication protocols are used to secure RFID systems. However, the generic authentication protocols provide relatively low performance for different types of RFID applications. We identified that each RFID application has unique research challenges and different performance bottlenecks based on the characteristics of the system. One strategy is to devise security protocols such that application specific goals are met and system specific performance requirements are maximized. This dissertation aims to address the problem of devising application specific security protocols for current and next generation RFID systems so that in each application area maximum performance can be achieved and system specific goals are met. In this dissertation, we propose four different authentication techniques for RFID technologies, providing solutions to the following research issues: 1) detecting counterfeit as well as ensuring low response time in large scale RFID systems, 2) preserving privacy and maintaining scalability in RFID based healthcare systems, 3) ensuring security and survivability of Computational RFID (CRFID) networks, and 4) detecting missing WISP tags efficiently to ensure reliability of CRFID based system\u27s decision. The techniques presented in this dissertation achieve good levels of privacy, provide security, scale to large systems, and can be implemented on resource-constrained RFID devices

RFID Technology in Real Time Attendance Register System

RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification which provides the ability to identify, locate and sense the conditions of animate and inanimate entities. Radio frequency identification or RFID is a generic term for technologies that are used for auto identification of people or object using radio waves. In this technology a unique serial number is stored to identify a person or an object and other related information, on a microchip of silicon that is attached to an antenna which in turn is attached to a RFID reader. The antenna enables the chip to transmit the identification information to a reader then the reader converts the radio waves reflected back from the RFID tag into digital information that can then passed on to computers running RFID application middleware, that can make use of it. The system stores the absent and present student’s attendance details in electronic format so that management of attendance becomes easy. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. RFID technology which is a matured technology that has been widely deployed by various organizations as part of their automation systems. In this study, an RFID based system has been built in order to produce a time-attendance management system. This system consists of two main parts which include: the hardware and the software. The hardware consists of the motor unit and the RFID reader. The RFID reader, which is a low-frequency reader (125 kHz), is connected to the host computer via a serial to USB converter cable. The Time-Attendance System GUI was developed using visual basic.Net. The Time-Attendance Management System provides the functionalities of the overall system such as displaying live ID tags transactions, registering ID, deleting ID, recording attendance and other minor functions. This interface was installed in the host computer. Keywords: Systems, RFID, Technology, Attendance, Register, DOI: 10.7176/CEIS/12-2-06 Publication date: September 30th 202

Integration of RFID and Industrial WSNs to Create A Smart Industrial Environment

A smart environment is a physical space that is seamlessly embedded with sensors, actuators, displays, and computing devices, connected through communication networks for data collection, to enable various pervasive applications. Radio frequency identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be used to create such smart environments, performing sensing, data acquisition, and communication functions, and thus connecting physical devices together to form a smart environment. This thesis first examines the features and requirements a smart industrial environment. It then focuses on the realization of such an environment by integrating RFID and industrial WSNs. ISA100.11a protocol is considered in particular for WSNs, while High Frequency RFID is considered for this thesis. This thesis describes designs and implementation of the hardware and software architecture necessary for proper integration of RFID and WSN systems. The hardware architecture focuses on communication interface and AI/AO interface circuit design; while the driver of the interface is implemented through embedded software. Through Web-based Human Machine Interface (HMI), the industrial users can monitor the process parameters, as well as send any necessary alarm information. In addition, a standard Mongo database is designed, allowing access to historical and current data to gain a more in-depth understanding of the environment being created. The information can therefore be uploaded to an IoT Cloud platform for easy access and storage. Four scenarios for smart industrial environments are mimicked and tested in a laboratory to demonstrate the proposed integrated system. The experimental results have showed that the communication from RFID reader to WSN node and the real-time wireless transmission of the integrated system meet design requirements. In addition, compared to a traditional wired PLC system where measurement error of the integrated system is less than 1%. The experimental results are thus satisfactory, and the design specifications have been achieved