PEMANFAATAN CITRA SATELIT DALAM MITIGASI BENCANA: REVIEW

Bencana alam memberikan dampak yang besar dari sisi ekonomi, sosial dan juga lingkungan, sehingga diperlukan adanya upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi dampak tersebut. Upaya yang dilakukan dapat berupa perencanaan, pencegahan, prediksi, tanggap darurat dan pemantauan. Pada artikel ini memperlihatkan pemanfaatan citra satelit dalam mitigasi bencana yang dikaji dari berbagai sumber pustaka. Kajian dilakukan hanya pada satelit yang memiliki resolusi tinggi yaitu 0.31 m sampai 15 m dan juga produk satelit hujan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa citra satelit WorldView, GeoEye, QuickBird, IKONOS, SPOT, Alos, Cartosat, Landsat dan produk satelit hujan banyak dimanfaatkan dalam mitigasi bencana terutama dalam analisis bahaya bencana, identifikasi dan inventarisasi bahaya, penilaian kerusakan, monitoring, prediksi dan analisis kerentanan. Pemanfaatan citra satelit adalah pada bencana banjir, gempa bumi, tanah longsor, tsunami, erosi pantai, kebakaran hutan, angin topan, badai tropis, hurricane dan longsoran gunung es

Remote Sensing of Wildland Fire-Induced Risk Assessment at the Community Level

Wildland fires are some of the critical natural hazards that pose a significant threat to the communities located in the vicinity of forested/vegetated areas. In this paper, our overall objective was to study the structural damages due to the 2016 Horse River Fire (HRF) that happened in Fort McMurray (Alberta, Canada) by employing primarily very high spatial resolution optical satellite data, i.e., WorldView-2. Thus, our activities included the: (i) estimation of the structural damages; and (ii) delineation of the wildland-urban interface (WUI) and its associated buffers at certain intervals, and their utilization in assessing potential risks. Our proposed method of remote sensing-based estimates of the number of structural damages was compared with the ground-based information available from the Planning and Development Recovery Committee Task Force of Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo (RMWB); and found a strong linear relationship (i.e., r2 value of 0.97 with a slope of 0.97). Upon delineating the WUI and its associated buffer zones at 10 m, 30 m, 50 m, 70 m and 100 m distances; we found existence of vegetation within the 30 m buffers from the WUI for all of the damaged structures. In addition, we noticed that the relevant authorities had removed vegetation in some areas between 30 m and 70 m buffers from the WUI, which was proven to be effective in order to protect the structures in the adjacent communities. Furthermore, we mapped the wildland fire-induced vulnerable areas upon considering the WUI and its associated buffers. Our analysis revealed that approximately 30% of the areas within the buffer zones of 10 m and 30 m were vulnerable due to the presence of vegetation; in which, approximately 7% were burned during the 2016 HRF event that led the structural damages. Consequently, we suggest to remove the existing vegetation within these critical zones and also monitor the region at a regular interval in order to reduce the wildland fire-induced risk

Applications of and Barriers to Prescribed Fire for Grassland Management in Saskatchewan

Fire can be a powerful tool for the management and conservation of remaining grasslands in the northern Great Plains. Extensive modification of northern prairies driven by persistent management ideologies have significantly altered the historic pattern of disturbances. Elevated risks associated with wildfire, further declines in grassland biodiversity, and growing threats to ecosystem goods and services are prevalent. The intersection of climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and adaptive governance requires a multifaceted, socioecological approach to confront current and impending challenges in the region. The intentional use of fire, as an Indigenous cultural practice and natural ecosystem process, has been shown to be an effective land management tool to meet numerous objectives but continues to be underutilized in southern Saskatchewan and elsewhere. The purpose of this research was to explore the risk management and ecological applications of prescribed fire with a focus on barriers to the effective use of fire. Specifically, I 1) use remote sensing of grassland vegetation at different scales to preemptively identify hazards associated with prairie fire and describe how prescribed burning could mitigate those hazards, 2) examine ungulate grazing selectively in response to prescribed burning and impacts to heterogeneity of prairie habitat for grassland management and conservation; and 3) conduct a comparative analysis of strategies for reintroducing prescribed fire in Saskatchewan’s prairie ecozone, and to identify barriers to interagency collaboration and expansion of the practice as a culturally significant endeavour and important economic, ecological, and community-building process. Imagery from satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), combined within a simple, integrated model identified fire hazard metrics suitable for operational use in topographically variable, northern mixed prairie. Grazing intensity altered vegetation distribution and fuelbed heterogeneity. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and slope were predictors of burn patterns, offering those tasked with fire mitigation and suppression useful information for safe and effective planning, implementation, and analysis. Reintroduction of fire into a semi-arid, grazed grassland had heterogeneous effects on vegetation and temporarily altered spatiotemporal patterns of herbivory by bison and cattle. Multiscale observations from remote sensing platforms evaluated changes pre- and post-burning and demonstrated bison and cattle selectivity at a very fine spatial scale. Limited impacts to plant community composition, with year-to-year variation a dominant factor, suggested prudently managed northern mixed prairie was resilient to the fire-grazing interaction. Finally, comparative analysis of agency strategies for restoring fire in southern Saskatchewan acknowledged the importance of developing a community of practice within a multiscalar, collaborative effort. Current programs were limited by a range of social, informational, practical, and regulatory constraints. Established programs with significant investment in trained personnel and equipment accomplished the largest and most complex areas burned. Those with limited funding using a collaborative approach in a centralized location burned most frequently. A newly formed, coordinating agency provided structure and additional funding to support various organizations, beginning to close a gap between research and implementation to advance the practice in Canadian prairies. Greater integration with federal and provincial fire management organizations is required to emulate similar U.S. models. Increased understanding, coordination, and implementation of prescribed fire will build adaptive capacity and community resilience to confront rising threats locally and globally