l1-penalized projected Bellman residual

International audienceWe consider the task of feature selection for value function approximation in reinforcement learning. A promising approach consists in combining the Least-Squares Temporal Difference (LSTD) algorithm with $\ell_1$-regularization, which has proven to be effective in the supervised learning community. This has been done recently whit the LARS-TD algorithm, which replaces the projection operator of LSTD with an $\ell_1$-penalized projection and solves the corresponding fixed-point problem. However, this approach is not guaranteed to be correct in the general off-policy setting. We take a different route by adding an $\ell_1$-penalty term to the projected Bellman residual, which requires weaker assumptions while offering a comparable performance. However, this comes at the cost of a higher computational complexity if only a part of the regularization path is computed. Nevertheless, our approach ends up to a supervised learning problem, which let envision easy extensions to other penalties

A Dantzig Selector Approach to Temporal Difference Learning

LSTD is a popular algorithm for value function approximation. Whenever the number of features is larger than the number of samples, it must be paired with some form of regularization. In particular, L1-regularization methods tend to perform feature selection by promoting sparsity, and thus, are well-suited for high-dimensional problems. However, since LSTD is not a simple regression algorithm, but it solves a fixed--point problem, its integration with L1-regularization is not straightforward and might come with some drawbacks (e.g., the P-matrix assumption for LASSO-TD). In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm obtained by integrating LSTD with the Dantzig Selector. We investigate the performance of the proposed algorithm and its relationship with the existing regularized approaches, and show how it addresses some of their drawbacks.Comment: Appears in Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2012

Statistical Significance of the Netflix Challenge

Inspired by the legacy of the Netflix contest, we provide an overview of what has been learned---from our own efforts, and those of others---concerning the problems of collaborative filtering and recommender systems. The data set consists of about 100 million movie ratings (from 1 to 5 stars) involving some 480 thousand users and some 18 thousand movies; the associated ratings matrix is about 99% sparse. The goal is to predict ratings that users will give to movies; systems which can do this accurately have significant commercial applications, particularly on the world wide web. We discuss, in some detail, approaches to "baseline" modeling, singular value decomposition (SVD), as well as kNN (nearest neighbor) and neural network models; temporal effects, cross-validation issues, ensemble methods and other considerations are discussed as well. We compare existing models in a search for new models, and also discuss the mission-critical issues of penalization and parameter shrinkage which arise when the dimensions of a parameter space reaches into the millions. Although much work on such problems has been carried out by the computer science and machine learning communities, our goal here is to address a statistical audience, and to provide a primarily statistical treatment of the lessons that have been learned from this remarkable set of data.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/11-STS368 the Statistical Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org