Stochastic optimisation-based valuation of smart grid options under firm DG contracts

Under the current EU legislation, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) are expected to provide firm connections to new DG, whose penetration is set to increase worldwide creating the need for significant investments to enhance network capacity. However, the uncertainty around the magnitude, location and timing of future DG capacity renders planners unable to accurately determine in advance where network violations may occur. Hence, conventional network reinforcements run the risk of asset stranding, leading to increased integration costs. A novel stochastic planning model is proposed that includes generalized formulations for investment in conventional and smart grid assets such as Demand-Side Response (DSR), Coordinated Voltage Control (CVC) and Soft Open Point (SOP) allowing the quantification of their option value. We also show that deterministic planning approaches may underestimate or completely ignore smart technologies

Faulty sensor detection using data correlation of multivariant sensor reading in smart agriculture with IOT

The Internet of Things (IoT), the idea of getting real-world objects connected with each other, will change the ways we organize, obtain and consume information radically. Through sensor networks, agriculture can be connected to the IoT, which allows us to create connections among agronomists, farmers and crops regardless of their geographical differences. On the other hand, Sensor fault is critical in smart grids, where controllers rely on healthy measurements from different sensors to determine all kinds of operations. However, when sensor fault happens, missing data and/or bad data can flow into control and management systems, which may lead to potential malfunction or even system failures. This brings the need for Sensor Fault Detection and eliminate this potential fault. This thesis proposes to design a Faulty Sensor Detection Mechanism using the data correlation method of multivariate sensors. This method will be applied to the smart agriculture which uses multi-variate sensors such as moisture sensor, temperature sensor and water sensor in IoT. The data are collected and received by a microcontroller which also can be linked to the internet. According to the algorithm, which applied on the smart agriculture, in case, the system gives No FAULT when the correlation value between (temperature, moisture) and (temperature, water) are negative and positive for (Water, moisture). In other cases. The system has a fault in a sensor when the correlation values between sensors are changed. Also, when the sensor gives a constant reading for a long time the system has got a fault in this sensor. The system got No FAULT when was different in sensors reading and the correlation value between (temperature, moisture) is (-0.33), between (temperature, water) is (-0.16) and (moisture, water) is (0.36). In addition, this system will be connected to the internet through the ESP8266 module. In order to surveillance the system at anytime and anywhere, this system is connected with the cloud (Things board) by using an ESP8266 WiFi network connection. This would allow the system to be more efficient and more reliable in detecting and monitoring the system’s parameters such as the state of sensors. The accuracy of the algorithm for data correlation may be changing depending on the application that wants to detect the faulty sensor in the system and according to how many data that income to the microcontroller per minute and how many data should take to calculate the correlation coefficient. Therefore, for the smart agriculture which it's used in this project, the period is adjusted to give a good diagnose for the sensor as soon as possible

An overview of biodiesel energy

Over the last ten years’ attention to biofuels production has increased dramatically and become crucial. One of the main factors is the rise in world oil prices, coupled with the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions and concerns about energy security. Biodiesel is diesel fuel extracted and made out of animal fats, vegetable oils, or recycled restaurant greases. It is harmless, biodegradable, and generate fewer air pollutants than conventional-based diesel. This paper will be summarized the overview of biodiesel including. competitiveness of biodiesel, ii. biodiesel production and iii. engine performance using biodiesel

Classification of critical aging segments of power transmission lines

An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach been used for analysis, comparison and classify the quality of several parameters that affect the conductor thermal ratings. The method is based on pairwise comparison between several factors that affect the alternatives in a hierarchical structure. The thermal ratings of power transmission lines is basically based on the maximum permissible temperature of the conductors. Conductor can lose their tensile strength due to thermal load or annealing. This paper analysis thermal aging using known characteristics of transmission conductor, load information and weather data. By analyzing the conductor temperatures, aging due to loss of conductor tensile strength is estimated at individual locations along the transmission corridor. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a case study analyzing a power transmission line in Kluang, Johor. This information is important for transmission network operating procedures, scheduling of line inspections, maintenance, or reconductoring

Evaluating Distributed Time-Varying Generation Through a Multiobjective Index

In the last decade, distributed generation, with its various technologies, has increased its presence in the energy mix presenting distribution networks with challenges in terms of evaluating the technical impacts that require a wide range of network operational effects to be qualified and quantified. The inherent time-varying behavior of demand and distributed generation (particularly when renewable sources are used), need to be taken into account since considering critical scenarios of loading and generation may mask the impacts. One means of dealing with such complexity is through the use of indices that indicate the benefit or otherwise of connections at a given location and for a given horizon. This paper presents a multiobjective performance index for distribution networks with time-varying distributed generation which consider a number of technical issues. The approach has been applied to a medium voltage distribution network considering hourly demand and wind speeds. Results show that this proposal has a better response to the natural behavior of loads and generation than solely considering a single operation scenario

RETS Revisited : Connecting renewables to the grid - a report by the Transmission Working Group of the Department of Trade & Industry

The aim of RETS Revisited is to review the progress that has occurred since the original RETS Report in June 2003. Given the large amount of wind generation planned, and the fact that much of it does not yet have planning consent or firm grid connection offers, it was felt that it would be helpful to take a further strategic look forward, rather than simply relying on the existing system to react to individual connection applications as and when required. RETS Revisited therefore: K considers the current likely volumes of new renewable generation, the timescales for this generation to be ready for connection to the transmission system and transmission issues impacting on the delivery of projects. K considers the effects on costs to the consumer of the rate of development of the transmission system in accommodating renewable energy to meet Government targets. K makes recommendations for action in order to connect sufficient renewables to meet the 2010 target and the aspirations beyond to 2020. Government policy is clear on the requirement for more renewable energy, and there is a market instrument, the Renewables Obligation, in place until 2027 which is driving the development of renewable projects. The Energy White Paper in 2003 recognised the need for the remodelling of the transmission grid to accept generation in new locations. Wind will be the technology capable of delivering significant capacity by 2010 and beyond. By its very nature the technology has limited ability to respond to locational price signals. In order for new generation projects to be connected, there needs to be a parallel development of transmission infrastructure. Transmission upgrades of over £560m were approved by Ofgem in December 20041. These will assist the flows of electricity from Scotland. There is a need to ensure that these projects are not unduly delayed in construction. A review of the need for the linkage between upgrades to the Scotland-England interconnectors and Beauly-Denny line should be carried out now

A multi-objective transmission reinforcement planning approach for analysing future energy scenarios in the GB network

A multi-objective transmission reinforcement planning framework has been designed to evaluate the effect of applying a future energy scenario to the Great Britain transmission network. This is achieved by examining the identified nondominated set of transmission reinforcement plans, which alleviate thermal capacity constraints, for the multi-criteria problem of five objectives: investment cost, annual constraint cost saving, annual incremental operation and maintenance cost, outage cost and annual line loss saving. The framework is flexible and utilises a systematic algorithm to generate reinforcement plans and alter the associated reinforcements should they exacerbate thermal constraints; hence a pre-determined set of reinforcements is not required to evaluate a scenario. The reinforcements considered are line addition (single-circuit and double-circuit) and line upgrading through reconductoring. The Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 is utilised to explore varying locations, configurations and capacities of network reinforcement. The solutions produced achieve similar cost savings to solutions created by the transmission network owners, showing the suitability of the approach to provide a useful trade-off analysis of the objectives and to assess the network related thermal and economic impact of future energy scenarios. Here the framework is applied to the 2020 generation mix of the Gone Green scenario developed by National Grid

New England Overview: A Guide to Large-Scale Energy Infrastructure Issues in 2015

The report outlines how regional electricity and natural gas infrastructure decisions are made. It examines the current proposals to expand electricity transmission lines and natural gas pipelines into New England, as solutions to electricity and gas price and reliability issues, and briefly discusses the major implications of both

A HYBRID APPROACH FOR RURAL FEEDER DESIGN

In this paper, a population based approach for conductor size selection in rural radial distribution system is presented. The proposed hybrid approach implies a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach in combination with mutant property of differential evolution (DE) for conductor size selection in radial distribution system. The conductor size for each feeder segment is selected such that the total cost of capital investment and capitalized cost of energy losses is minimized while constraints of voltage at each node and current carrying capacity of conductor is within the limits. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with the help of 32-node test system