43,894 research outputs found
Tortoise: Interactive System Configuration Repair
System configuration languages provide powerful abstractions that simplify
managing large-scale, networked systems. Thousands of organizations now use
configuration languages, such as Puppet. However, specifications written in
configuration languages can have bugs and the shell remains the simplest way to
debug a misconfigured system. Unfortunately, it is unsafe to use the shell to
fix problems when a system configuration language is in use: a fix applied from
the shell may cause the system to drift from the state specified by the
configuration language. Thus, despite their advantages, configuration languages
force system administrators to give up the simplicity and familiarity of the
shell.
This paper presents a synthesis-based technique that allows administrators to
use configuration languages and the shell in harmony. Administrators can fix
errors using the shell and the technique automatically repairs the higher-level
specification written in the configuration language. The approach (1) produces
repairs that are consistent with the fix made using the shell; (2) produces
repairs that are maintainable by minimizing edits made to the original
specification; (3) ranks and presents multiple repairs when relevant; and (4)
supports all shells the administrator may wish to use. We implement our
technique for Puppet, a widely used system configuration language, and evaluate
it on a suite of benchmarks under 42 repair scenarios. The top-ranked repair is
selected by humans 76% of the time and the human-equivalent repair is ranked
1.31 on average.Comment: Published version in proceedings of IEEE/ACM International Conference
on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) 201
Certifying and removing disparate impact
What does it mean for an algorithm to be biased? In U.S. law, unintentional
bias is encoded via disparate impact, which occurs when a selection process has
widely different outcomes for different groups, even as it appears to be
neutral. This legal determination hinges on a definition of a protected class
(ethnicity, gender, religious practice) and an explicit description of the
process.
When the process is implemented using computers, determining disparate impact
(and hence bias) is harder. It might not be possible to disclose the process.
In addition, even if the process is open, it might be hard to elucidate in a
legal setting how the algorithm makes its decisions. Instead of requiring
access to the algorithm, we propose making inferences based on the data the
algorithm uses.
We make four contributions to this problem. First, we link the legal notion
of disparate impact to a measure of classification accuracy that while known,
has received relatively little attention. Second, we propose a test for
disparate impact based on analyzing the information leakage of the protected
class from the other data attributes. Third, we describe methods by which data
might be made unbiased. Finally, we present empirical evidence supporting the
effectiveness of our test for disparate impact and our approach for both
masking bias and preserving relevant information in the data. Interestingly,
our approach resembles some actual selection practices that have recently
received legal scrutiny.Comment: Extended version of paper accepted at 2015 ACM SIGKDD Conference on
Knowledge Discovery and Data Minin
MintHint: Automated Synthesis of Repair Hints
Being able to automatically repair programs is an extremely challenging task.
In this paper, we present MintHint, a novel technique for program repair that
is a departure from most of today's approaches. Instead of trying to fully
automate program repair, which is often an unachievable goal, MintHint performs
statistical correlation analysis to identify expressions that are likely to
occur in the repaired code and generates, using pattern-matching based
synthesis, repair hints from these expressions. Intuitively, these hints
suggest how to rectify a faulty statement and help developers find a complete,
actual repair. MintHint can address a variety of common faults, including
incorrect, spurious, and missing expressions.
We present a user study that shows that developers' productivity can improve
manyfold with the use of repair hints generated by MintHint -- compared to
having only traditional fault localization information. We also apply MintHint
to several faults of a widely used Unix utility program to further assess the
effectiveness of the approach. Our results show that MintHint performs well
even in situations where (1) the repair space searched does not contain the
exact repair, and (2) the operational specification obtained from the test
cases for repair is incomplete or even imprecise
Public Perceptions of the Midwestâs Pavements - Wisconsin - Phase I (Focus Group)
This research is being conducted as part of a larger study of the public\u27s perceptions of state-maintained rural highway pavements in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Later stages of this project will involve interview;ing residents of the three states by telephone to gather information about people\u27s concerns about the pavements in general and specific stretches of highways in particular. Information from this effort is expected to aid the states\u27 Departments of Transportation refine the standards used to set pavement reconstruction priorities to better meet the needs of residents
Public Perceptions of the Midwestâs Pavements - Minnesota - Phase III (Targeted Survey Report)
This research is being conducted as part of a larger study of the publicâs perceptions of state-maintained rural highway pavements in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Later stages of this project will involve interviewing residents of the three states by telephone to gather information about peopleâs concerns about the pavements in general and specific stretches of highways in particular. Information from this effort is expected to aid the statesâ Departments of Transportation refine the standards used to set pavement reconstruction priorities to better meet the needs of residents
An Algorithmic Measurement of Technical Progress
In this paper we propose a measure of technological progress which is based on the information embedded in standard input-output tables. Well known duality properties enables one to establish a connection between the quantities necessary as inputs and the associated output and some auxiliary prices (like the wage-profit curves). We claim that properly tailored wage-profit frontiers may provide a basis for the measurement of technological progress. But the computation of these wage-profit frontiers is not trivial. A brute force algorithm for the computation of the wage-profit frontiers has high combinatorial complexity that would make its precise computation intractable. But thanks to an efficient algorithm that we have been able to devise we can now compute it. We consider this to be an important and original contribution. Here we present and apply this algorithm. Due to this improvement we can now use these wage-profit frontiers as benchmarks against which to measure technological progress: two new indices have been defined. These new tools have have been applied to the OECD input-output data 1970-2005 and the reslts are presented here.Technological Change, Convergence, Input-output analysis, Technological Frontier, Computational Techniques
Wage diversity in the euro area - an overview of labour cost differentials across industries
This Paper provides an overview of the magnitude of sectoral wage differentials in the euro area as a whole. Even when adjusting for structural sectoral features such as the skill structure or the proportion of part-timers, average wage levels in services are substantially lower than in manufacturing. The paper also studies how the euro area wage structure compares with that of the United States and the United Kingdom. It discusses some possible determinants of intersectoral wage differentials in the euro area and their likely implications from a policy perspective. A number of worker characteristics (e.g. age, skills, the proportion of temporary or self-employed) are highly correlated with the structure of wage differentials. At the same time, wage differentials are also highly correlated with sector-specific features such as average firm size or capital intensity. Finally, the paper presents some stylised facts on how the euro area wage structure has evolved since the early 1980s.Intersectoral wage differential; wage determination; euro area.
Public Perceptions of the Midwestâs Pavements - Minnesota - Phase I (focus group)
This research is being conducted as part of a larger study of the publicâs perceptions of state-maintained rural highway pavements in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Later stages of this project will involve interviewing residents of the three states by telephone to gather information about peopleâs concerns about the pavements in general and specific stretches of highways in particular. Information from this effort is expected to aid the statesâ Departments of Transportation refine the standards used to set pavement reconstruction priorities to better meet the needs of residents
Priority-Based Conflict Resolution in Inconsistent Relational Databases
We study here the impact of priorities on conflict resolution in inconsistent
relational databases. We extend the framework of repairs and consistent query
answers. We propose a set of postulates that an extended framework should
satisfy and consider two instantiations of the framework: (locally preferred)
l-repairs and (globally preferred) g-repairs. We study the relationships
between them and the impact each notion of repair has on the computational
complexity of repair checking and consistent query answers
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