Implementasi Otomatisasi Konstruksi Pada Industri Konstruksi Di Surabaya

Terobosan teknologi otomatisasi konstruksi telah banyak dilakukan karena terdapat faktor yang dapat menghambat kinerja proyek di masa mendatang. Selain itu otomatisasi konstruksi juga salah satu faktor pendukung yang dapat meningkatkan produktifitas proyek. Pada prakteknya, otomatisasi konstruksi telah diimplementasikan secara penuh di beberapa negara besar, seperti Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Jepang. Tetapi ada negara yang belum sepenuhnya menerapkan otomatisasi konstruksi, seperti Indonesia. Di Indonesia hanya beberapa jenis otomatisasi konstruksi yang digunakan dalam proyek konstruksi, khususnya di wilayah Surabaya. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis otomatisasi konstruksi yang sudah diimplementasikan, hambatan, dan manfaat pengimplementasian otomatisasi konstruksi pada proyek konstruksi high-rise building yang berwilayah di Surabaya. Studi literatur digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pengelompokkan jenis otomatisasi konstruksi, faktor penghambat, dan faktor manfaat. Teknik analisa deskriptif digunakan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis otomatisasi konstruksi yang sudah diimplementasikan di wilayah Surabaya, dan teknik analisa Fishbone Diagram digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penghambat dan manfaat utama pengimplementasian otomatisasi konstruksi di proyek konstruksi. Dalam penelitian ini, pengambilan data digunakan kuisioner untuk mengukur peresepsi responden. Kuisioner disebarkan kepada Project Manager/Site Engineering Manager/Staff Engineering dari kontraktor dan konsultan perencana. Hasil analisa yang didapat dari penelitian ini, menurut pandangan kontraktor, untuk jenis-jenis otomatisasi konstruksi yang paling banyak diimplementasikan adalah Building Installation: Tower Crane, hambatan utamanya adalah besarnya biaya investasi yang dikeluarkan, serta manfaat utamanya adalah meningkatkan produktifitas proyek. Sedangkan menurut pandangan konsultan perencana, untuk jenis-jenis otomatisasi konstruksi yang paling banyak diimplementasikan adalah CAD dan CAE: Structural Modeling, hambatan utamanya adalah kurngnya minat dan perlunya kontraktor/konsultan perencana untuk menerapkan otomatisasi konstruksi, serta manfaat utamanya adalah peningkatan kualitas. ================================================================================== Construction automation breakthrough has been done because of several factors that can become obstacles in project performance in the future. Moreover, construction automation is one of the supporting factors that can be used as the bolsters of project productivity. In practice, construction automation has been fully implemented in several countries, such as United States of America, England, and Japan. But there are also some countries that not fully implemented the construction automation just yet, such as Indonesia. In Indonesia, especially in Surabaya, only a few kind of construction automation has been used. This research is done for the identification of what kind of construction automation has been implemented and the obstacles and benefit of the construction automation in the high rise building project in Surabaya. Literature study was used for the identification of the construction automation type, the obstacles and the benefit. Analysis descriptive technique was used for knowing which construction automation types are implemented in Surabaya, and Fishbone Digram analysis technique was used for identification of the main obstacles and the main benefit of implemented automation construction. In this research, the data was taken from the questionnaire that used for knowing the respondent’s reaction. The questionnaire was destributed to Project Manager / Site Engineering / Engineering staff from contractors and planning consultant which was and has been build a construction project of high rise building in Surabaya. The analysis result obtained from this research in contractors poin of view are : the most used construction automation is Building Installation : Tower Crane, the main obstacles is the amount of the investment costs incurred, and the main benefit is improving the project’s productivity.Whereas in planning consultant point of view, the anaysis results are : the most used construction automation is CAD and CAE : Structural Modeling, the main obstacles is the lack of interest and the importance of contractor and planning consultant for construction automation implementation, and the main benefit is improving the project’s quality

Refinement and variability techniques in model transformation of software requirements

Tese de Doutoramento em Tecnologias e Sistemas de InformaçãoThis thesis begins with analyzing user functional requirements (as use cases) from the perspective of detail. In that sense, it investigates the applicability of the UML (Unified Modeling Language) «include» relationship to the representation of use case refinement and proposes another relationship for that purpose. It also clarifies the process of modeling use cases with UML when refinement is involved and provides for some guidelines in order to conduct that process. Afterwards, the work of this thesis on use case modeling is expanded to the field of SPLs (Software Product Lines) by means of exploring the UML «extend» relationship. It talks about alternative, specialization and option use cases as the representation of the three variability types this thesis proposes to be translated into stereotypes to mark use cases. Then, this thesis incorporates the refinement of logical architectures with variability support from use cases also with variability support in the 4SRS (Four Step Rule Set) transition method for model transformation of analysis artifacts (use cases) into design artifacts (logical architectures represented as UML component diagrams). The model transformation the 4SRS guides in a stepwise way, from use cases into logical architectures, is based on a software development pattern that addresses architecture. This thesis yields a multilevel and multistage pattern classification that grounds the use of that pattern to generate system functional requirements (as logical architectures). Lastly, the 4SRS transition method is modeled with the SPEM (Software & Systems Process Engineering Metamodel) and formalized as a small software development process dedicated at transitioning from the analysis to the design of software. After that, this thesis presents a case study on the automation of the 4SRS and thoroughly elaborates on the transformation rules that support the model transformations of the 4SRS.Esta tese começa por analisar requisitos funcionais de utilizador (enquanto casos de utilização) sob a perspectiva do detalhe. Nesse sentido, esta tese investiga a aplicabilidade da relação UML (Unified Modeling Language) «include» para a representação do refinamento de casos de utilização e propõe outra relação para esse fim. Esta tese também clarifica o processo de modelação de casos de utilização com a UML quando esse processo envolve refinamento e fornece algumas diretrizes para a condução desse processo. De seguida, o trabalho desta tese em modelação de casos de utilização é expandido para o campo das linhas de produtos de software através da exploração da relação UML «extend». Esse trabalho fala de casos de utilização alternativos, de especialização e opcionais como a representação dos três tipos de variabilidade que esta tese propõe que sejam traduzidos em estereótipos para a marcação de casos de utilização. Depois, esta tese incorpora o refinamento de arquitecturas lógicas com suporte à variabilidade a partir de casos de utilização também com suporte à variabilidade no método de transição 4SRS (Four Step Rule Set) para a tranformação de modelos de artefatos de análise (casos de utilização) em modelos de artefatos de design (arquitecturas lógicas representadas como diagramas de components UML). A transformação de modelos que o 4SRS guia por passos, de casos de utilização em arquitecturas lógicas, baseia-se num padrão de desenvolvimento de software que visa arquitetura. Esta tese produz uma classificação multinível e multietapa de padrões, que sustenta a utilização desse padrão na geração de requisitos funcionais de sistema (enquanto arquitecturas lógicas). Por fim, o método de transição 4SRS é modelado com o SPEM (Software & Systems Process Engineering Metamodel) e formalizado como um pequeno processo de desenvolvimento de software dedicado a transitar da análise para o design the software. Depois disso, esta tese apresenta um estudo de caso sobre a automatização do 4SRS e elabora minuciosamente acerca das regras de transformação que apoiam as transformações de modelos do 4SRS