456,741 research outputs found
James Annesley of Madras Medical Service (1800-1838) on cholera in Madras Presidency in 1825
James Annesley from Ireland spent nearly four decades in Madras, first as an assistant and later as a senior surgeon attached to the Madras Medical Establishment. During this span of service he published the book in 1825 on the most prevalent diseases of India comprising a treatise on the epidemic cholera of the East. This paper recounts the epidemiology of cholera and the efforts made to manage it in the Madras Presidency in the 1820s, keeping in view the life of Annesley and the contents of his book
PDF/A-3u as an archival format for Accessible mathematics
Including LaTeX source of mathematical expressions, within the PDF document
of a text-book or research paper, has definite benefits regarding
`Accessibility' considerations. Here we describe three ways in which this can
be done, fully compatibly with international standards ISO 32000, ISO 19005-3,
and the forthcoming ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0). Two methods use embedded files, also
known as `attachments', holding information in either LaTeX or MathML formats,
but use different PDF structures to relate these attachments to regions of the
document window. One uses structure, so is applicable to a fully `Tagged PDF'
context, while the other uses /AF tagging of the relevant content. The third
method requires no tagging at all, instead including the source coding as the
/ActualText replacement of a so-called `fake space'. Information provided this
way is extracted via simple Select/Copy/Paste actions, and is available to
existing screen-reading software and assistive technologies.Comment: This is a post-print version of original in volume: S.M. Watt et al.
(Eds.): CICM 2014, LNAI 8543, pp.184-199, 2014; available at
http://link.springer.com/search?query=LNAI+8543, along with supplementary
PDF. This version, with supplement as attachment, is enriched to validate as
PDF/A-3u modulo an error in white-space handling in the pdfTeX version used
to generate i
Horizon Tunneling Revisited: The Case of Higher Dimensional Black Holes
We study the tunneling of massless scalars across black hole horizons in any
number of spacetime dimensions greater than three. Our analysis finds that
corrections due to backreaction and the inverse dimensional expansion are
naturally concomitant, and furnishes a simple proof of the classic relation
between entropy and area in all spacetime dimensions, finite or infinite. We
conclude with a discussion of the limit in which the the number of spacetime
dimensions is taken to infinity, where we find that thermodynamic quantities
are related to the "thickness" of the membrane on which all the curvature is
localized.Comment: 22 page
A new Raman technique of superior spectral resolution
Raman-active vibrational modes are coherently excited by the transient stimulated Raman process. A subsequent delayed probe of relatively long duration interacts with the freely relaxing vibrations. Raman spectra are generated with higher resolution and more accurate peak positions than in conventional Raman spectroscopy. In liquid cyclohexane four new Raman lines were readily detected in the frequency range 2870–2920 cm−1
Time-Encoded Raman: Fiber-based, hyperspectral, broadband stimulated Raman microscopy
Raman sensing and Raman microscopy are amongst the most specific optical
technologies to identify the chemical compounds of unknown samples, and to
enable label-free biomedical imaging with molecular contrast. However, the high
cost and complexity, low speed, and incomplete spectral information provided by
current technology are major challenges preventing more widespread application
of Raman systems. To overcome these limitations, we developed a new method for
stimulated Raman spectroscopy and Raman imaging using continuous wave (CW),
rapidly wavelength swept lasers. Our all-fiber, time-encoded Raman (TICO-Raman)
setup uses a Fourier Domain Mode Locked (FDML) laser source to achieve a unique
combination of high speed, broad spectral coverage (750 cm-1 - 3150 cm-1) and
high resolution (0.5 cm-1). The Raman information is directly encoded and
acquired in time. We demonstrate quantitative chemical analysis of a solvent
mixture and hyperspectral Raman microscopy with molecular contrast of plant
cells.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Body Image Perception: Adolescent Boys and Avatar Depiction in Video Games
Research on mass media’s impact on body image has mostly been focused on females thus far. Of the little research that has been done on male body image, most of it has been focused on adult males, and therefore the effect of mass media on adolescent boys’ body image is still a relatively primitive field of knowledge. Through comparing the exposure of adolescent boys to muscular avatars in popular video games, a source of mass media that a majority of adolescent boys are exposed to, and relating it to research done on the effects of frequent ideal image exposure through other forms of mass media on males, the influence of video games on the body image of adolescent boys can be determined. This study consisted of several factors: (1) understanding the impact of constantly viewing ideal images in mass media on males’ perceptions of their own bodies, (2) reviewing the body types of the male avatars in several modern, popular video games played by adolescent boys, (3) relating the exposure of video game avatars on adolescent boys’ views of their own physiques, and (4) examining the implications of negative body image on adolescent boys’ eating and exercise strategies. Although video game avatars tend to have a slightly different body shape than those presented in most types of mass media, their unifying trait of naturally unattainable muscularity resulted a reaction among adolescent boys that was similar to that of adult males with regard to mesomorphic (muscular, V-shaped) body types in mass media. This resulting negative body image can lead to psychological disorders such as depression or such physical disorders as anabolic steroid usage, unnatural dieting, and excessive exercising
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