3,703 research outputs found
Fairness in Algorithmic Decision Making: An Excursion Through the Lens of Causality
As virtually all aspects of our lives are increasingly impacted by
algorithmic decision making systems, it is incumbent upon us as a society to
ensure such systems do not become instruments of unfair discrimination on the
basis of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, etc. We consider the problem of
determining whether the decisions made by such systems are discriminatory,
through the lens of causal models. We introduce two definitions of group
fairness grounded in causality: fair on average causal effect (FACE), and fair
on average causal effect on the treated (FACT). We use the Rubin-Neyman
potential outcomes framework for the analysis of cause-effect relationships to
robustly estimate FACE and FACT. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our
proposed approach on synthetic data. Our analyses of two real-world data sets,
the Adult income data set from the UCI repository (with gender as the protected
attribute), and the NYC Stop and Frisk data set (with race as the protected
attribute), show that the evidence of discrimination obtained by FACE and FACT,
or lack thereof, is often in agreement with the findings from other studies. We
further show that FACT, being somewhat more nuanced compared to FACE, can yield
findings of discrimination that differ from those obtained using FACE.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables.To appear in Proceedings of the
International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW), 201
Estimating the effect of healthcare-associated infections on excess length of hospital stay using inverse probability-weighted survival curves
Background: Studies estimating excess length of stay (LOS) attributable to nosocomial infections have failed to address time-varying confounding, likely leading to overestimation of their impact. We present a methodology based on inverse probability–weighted survival curves to address this limitation.
Methods: A case study focusing on intensive care unit–acquired bacteremia using data from 2 general intensive care units (ICUs) from 2 London teaching hospitals were used to illustrate the methodology. The area under the curve of a conventional Kaplan-Meier curve applied to the observed data was compared with that of an inverse probability–weighted Kaplan-Meier curve applied after treating bacteremia as censoring events. Weights were based on the daily probability of acquiring bacteremia. The difference between the observed average LOS and the average LOS that would be observed if all bacteremia cases could be prevented was multiplied by the number of admitted patients to obtain the total excess LOS.
Results: The estimated total number of extra ICU days caused by 666 bacteremia cases was estimated at 2453 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1803–3103) days. The excess number of days was overestimated when ignoring time-varying confounding (2845 [95% CI, 2276–3415]) or when completely ignoring confounding (2838 [95% CI, 2101–3575]).
Conclusions: ICU-acquired bacteremia was associated with a substantial excess LOS. Wider adoption of inverse probability–weighted survival curves or alternative techniques that address time-varying confounding could lead to better informed decision making around nosocomial infections and other time-dependent exposures
Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding in Meta-Analyses
Random-effects meta-analyses of observational studies can produce biased
estimates if the synthesized studies are subject to unmeasured confounding. We
propose sensitivity analyses quantifying the extent to which unmeasured
confounding of specified magnitude could reduce to below a certain threshold
the proportion of true effect sizes that are scientifically meaningful. We also
develop converse methods to estimate the strength of confounding capable of
reducing the proportion of scientifically meaningful true effects to below a
chosen threshold. These methods apply when a "bias factor" is assumed to be
normally distributed across studies or is assessed across a range of fixed
values. Our estimators are derived using recently proposed sharp bounds on
confounding bias within a single study that do not make assumptions regarding
the unmeasured confounders themselves or the functional form of their
relationships to the exposure and outcome of interest. We provide an R package,
ConfoundedMeta, and a freely available online graphical user interface that
compute point estimates and inference and produce plots for conducting such
sensitivity analyses. These methods facilitate principled use of random-effects
meta-analyses of observational studies to assess the strength of causal
evidence for a hypothesis
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