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Cyber security information sharing in the United States : an empirical study including risk management and control implications, 2000-2003
A tremendous amount of change in traditional business paradigms has occurred over the past decade through the development of Electronic Commerce and ad\ ancements in the field of Information Technology. As lesser-developed countries progress and become more prosperous. traditional . first world' countries have migrated to become strong service oriented economies (Asch, 200 I). Supporting technologies have developed over the past decade which has exploited the benefits of the Internet and other infonnation technologies. While Electronic Commerce continues to grow there is a corresponding impact on computer software and individual privacy (Ghosh and Swaminatha, 200 I). Recently. the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) found that software bugs cost the U.S. economy approximately $59.5 billion, or .600/0 of the annual Gross Domestic Product (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2003). In addition, we have witnessed a rise in the strength and impact of Denial of Service and other types of computer attacks such as: viruses. trojans. exploit scripts and probes/scans. Popular industry surveys such as the annual Federal Bureau of Investigation/Computer Security Institute (Gordon. Et. AI.. 2006) confirm the growing threats in the Information Assurance field. In addition to these concerns our increased reliance on the Internet enabled systems (loudon and loudon. 2000). E-Commerce systems and Information Technologies an integrated suite of risks which must be managed effectively across the public and private sectors (Backhouse. Et. AI. 2005. Ghosh and Swamintha. 200 I. Parker. 200 I. Graf. 1995. Greenberg and Goldman, 1995). Previous research (Rumizen, 1998. Haver, 1998, Roulier, 1998) examined InterOrganisational, Web Infonnation Systems and Government Information Systems in order to assess how companies and other organisations can effectively design these information systems such that maximum benefits can be achieved for all participating organisations. Furthermore, Davenport, Harris and Delong (2001) and Davenport (1999) explained that collaboration is central to the results of a knowledge management system in which open, nonpolitical, non-competitive entities are involved in environments to achieve optimal individual and collective results. Before this memorable event. some related programmatic initiatives were already in-process at that time. The United States government built upon its active leadership in the areas of computer security and information assurance when it launched a number of important efforts to manage information security threats. This was clearly evident when President Clinton made the U.S. National Infrastructure (Nil) a major national priority in the 1 990s. One critical development occurred in 1998 when the National Infrastructure Protection Centre was established to be the central point for gathering, analysing and disseminating critical cyber security information and built upon the previous success of the national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT). Earlier research (Rich. 2001, Soo Hoo, 2000. Howard. 1997 and Landwher, 1994) addressed various aspects of information security information and incident reporting. Also. Vatis 0001) addressed some research considerations in this area while investigating foreign network centric and traditional warfare events primarily through Denial of Service and Web Site Defacement attacks. However. areas for new exploration existed especially as they related to U.S. critical infrastructure protection (Karestand. 2003. Vatis. 200 I. U.S. General Accounting Office. 2000. Alexander and Swetham. 19(9). Finally. Information and Network Centric Warfare (Arens and Rosenbloom. 2003. Davies. 2000. Denning and Baugh. 2000. and Schwartau. 1997) are increasing national security issues in the \\' ar on Terrorism and Homeland Security in general
Collaboration-based management of petroleum pipeline rights of way in Nigeria
PhD ThesisThis thesis starts with a conceptual exploration of the challenges in the management of Petroleum Pipeline Rights of Way (ROW), within the context of public infrastructure management. Upon this basis, a holistic understanding has been developed of the concept. This understanding argues the need for Collaboration-Based Management of ROW for Petroleum Pipelines, in particular, involving the communities traversed by the pipelines as stakeholders, in order to enhance long term social, economic and environmental sustainability through their interaction with the other stakeholders: the government and multi-national oil companies.
Building upon the theoretical arguments developed, this research has proposed a geographic information system framework for demarcating ROW that is capable of continuous updating in line with new knowledge. By applying this framework, the ROW in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, is demarcated; and further analysis is applied that shows widespread encroachment on the ROW by other land uses. A total of 588 structured interview questionnaires were completed, five focus group discussions held and 14 key informant interviews conducted across four case study areas. Analysis of the data revealed that the pipeline project has not improved the economic situation of the people in the communities it traverses.
The empirical evidence from the case studies also suggests that vandalism thrives in the pipeline communities, because those geographically closest to the pipeline have no role in its management and the national and multi-national oil companies that have lawful authorisation over the pipelines and the associated ROW do not have the capacity to maintain real-time surveillance. Hence, there is a need for a new approach, based on a collaboration-based framework. This framework will engender the adoption of local knowledge and experience regarding the environment for the greater collective interest of the oil and gas industry, the citizenry and, by extension, the Nigerian national economy