Determinants of industry-level production capacity in Poland

The paper deals with the production capacity – innovation nexus. It focuses on development of total factor productivity (TFP), which is one of the determinants of production capacity of the economy. The analysis is carried out using 2-digit NACE rev. 2 level Polish manufacturing data covering the most recent period of 2008-2012. TFP is estimated using theoretical framework based on a Cobb-Douglas production function and an attempt is made to identify the role of innovation activities in forming TFP in case of economy of an emerging country under recent economic crisis. The findings suggest that the non-R&D innovation activities are of more importance in determining TFP of Polish manufacturing divisions than R&D expenditures

Industrial production and capacity utilization: historical revision and recent developments

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System has completed a revision of its measures of output, capacity, and capacity utilization for the industrial sector. The primary feature of the revision is a new formulation for aggregating the indexes and utilization rates based on weights that are updated annually rather than every five years. The new formulation has been used to revise the output, capacity, and utilization rates back to 1977. It provides more accurate current estimates of developments in industrial production and capacity utilization and eliminates an earlier, small overstatement of the growth trends of production and capacity. ; The revised indexes of industrial production and capacity show slower growth, on average, than the earlier estimates while the cyclical patterns of the revised measures are practically the same as before. Both from 1977 to 1987 and from 1987 to 1996, total industrial output grew at an average pace of about 2.3 percent a year--about 1/4 percentage point less than previously estimated. The growth of industrial capacity was revised down nearly as much; consequently, the rate of total industrial capacity utilization was revised down only a fraction of a percentage point at the end of 1996. (Statistical Release G.17, "Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization.")Industrial capacity ; Industrial productivity

Financial Capacity, Reliquification, and Production in an Economy with Long-Term Financial Arrangements

This paper characterizes a multi-period production economy in which borrowers and lenders enter long-term financial contracts. A key feature is that aggregate production and borrowers' capacity to absorb debt -- their "financial capacity" - are jointly determined endogenous variables, in the spirit of Gurley and Shaw (1955) Expectations of future economic conditions govern financial capacity, which in turn influences current capacity utilization. Further, disturbances in the present may persist into the future by influencing borrowers' net asset positions. Finally, borrowers may substitute future for current production by preserving their assets in hard times, behavior akin to reliquification as described in Eckstein and Sinai (1986).

Testes size, testosterone production and reproductive behaviour in a natural mammalian mating system

1. Testosterone (T) is a key mediator in the expression of numerous morphological and behavioural traits in mammals, but the factors underlying individual variation in circulating T levels are poorly understood. 2. The intimate structural integration of sperm and T production within the testes, alongside the dependency of sperm production on high levels of T, suggests that T requirements for spermatogenesis could be an important driver of individual differences in T. 3. To test this hypothesis, we examine how male capacity for sperm production ( as indicated by their testes size) is associated with T levels in a feral population of Soay sheep, resident on St. Kilda, Scotland, during their rutting season. 4. We found a strong positive relationship between an individual's testes size ( as measured before their seasonal enlargement) and the levels of circulating T during their rut, suggesting that T requirements for spermatogenesis has a prominent influence on the production of this androgen. 5. In contrast, body condition and competitive ability did not independently predict T levels, findings that are inconsistent with conventional 'condition-dependent' and 'challenge' hypotheses of T production. 6. This influence of male's capacity for sperm production on T appeared to be substantial enough to be biologically relevant, as testes size also predicted male aggression and mate-seeking behaviour. 7. Our results suggest that a male's inherent capacity for sperm and T production is tightly phenotypically integrated, with potential consequences for a wide range of other T-mediated reproductive traits

Endogenous quality choice: price and quantity competition

The present paper is concerned with addressing the issue of firms competing in both prices and quantities (capacity levels) within a simple differentiated duopoly where products are asymmetrically differentiated by quality location. A three-stage competitive model is investigated such that firms compete in quality, followed by choice of fixed capacity levels, and finally, they compete in prices. An output asymmetry always exists at equilibrium such that the high quality firm always carries excess production capacity relative to the low quality firm. Total production capacity, however, may not fully cover market demand for an incumbent duopoly.

Industrial production and capacity utilization: the 2008 annual revision

On March 28, 2008, the Federal Reserve published revisions to its index of industrial production (IP) and the related measures of capacity and capacity utilization. Although the revision affected the data from January 1972 through February 2008, most of the changes were for the period beginning in 2003. Relative to earlier estimates, measured from fourth quarter to fourth quarter, IP is now reported to have increased more slowly in 2006, but changes to output gains in other years since 2003 were more modest. The period from 2003 through 2007 was marked by a steady, moderate rise in industrial output; on average, production increased 2.2 percent per year, and the annual rates of change ranged from 1.5 percent to 3.1 percent.Industrial capacity ; Industrial productivity

Industrial production and capacity utilization: the 2002 historical and annual revision

In late 2002, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System published a revision to its index of industrial production and the related measures of capacity utilization. The primary feature of the revision was the reclassification back to 1972 of production and capacity indexes for individual industries from the Standard Industrial Classification System to the North American Industry Classification System. The revision also reflects the incorporation of newly available, more comprehensive source data, and it introduced improved methods for measuring the annual real output of communications equipment manufacturing. ; Along with the updating and the restatement of the data using the North American Industry Classification System, all production and capacity indexes are now expressed as percentages of output in 1997. The new information resulted in an upward revision to the rate of increase in industrial production and capacity from 1997 to 2000. For that period, the average rate of industrial capacity utilization is 0.7 percentage point higher than previously reported. The most recent business-cycle peak is still June 2000, at 116.2 percent of 1997, with the low being the fourth quarter of 2001. The rate of industrial capacity in the third quarter of 2002, at 76.2 percent, is essentially unchanged from previously reported data. The rate is more than 5 percentage points below its 1972-2001 average and about 3 percentage points below the trough in the 1990-91 recession but 5 percentage points above the trough in the 1982 recession.Industrial production index ; Industrial capacity

How sensitive is tropospheric oxidation to anthropogenic emissions?

We use a global chemistry transport model to explore how changes in anthropogenic emissions alter ozone production and tropospheric oxidizing capacity over decadal (1990–2010) and centennial timescales (1900–2100). We find that the spatial extent of O3 production and loss in the troposphere changes very little despite large projected increases in precursor emissions. While tropospheric OH shows a long-term decrease of only 20% between 1900 and 2100, there are widespread changes in distribution which alter regional oxidation capacity substantially. We show that the remote marine boundary layer remains an important net sink of O3, as greater production related to increased continental NO x emissions is outweighed by greater O3 destruction. The critical NO x level required to support net O3 production doubles between 1900 and 2100, from 28 to 55 pptv on average, preventing any large-scale shift in production regime