Federated Machine Learning

In recent times, machine gaining knowledge has transformed areas such as processer visualisation, morphological and speech identification and processing. The implementation of machine learning is frim built on data and gathering the data in confidentiality disturbing circumstances. The studying of amalgamated systems and methods is an innovative area of modern technological field that facilitates the training within models without gathering the information. As an alternative to transferring the information, clients co-operate together to train a model be only delivering weights updates to the server. While this concerning privacy is better and more adaptable in some circumstances very expensive. This thesis generally introduces some of the fundamental theories, structural design and procedures of federated machine learning and its prospective in numerous applications. Some optimisation methods and some privacy ensuring systems like differential privacy also reviewed

Exploring Knowledge Leakage Risk in Knowledge-Intensive Organisations: behavioural aspects and key controls

Knowledge leakage poses a critical risk to the competitive advantage of knowledge-intensive organisations. Although knowledge leakage is a human-centric security issue, little is known about leakage resulting from individual behaviour and the protective strategies and controls that could be effective in mitigating leakage risk. Therefore, this research explores the perspectives of security practitioners on the key factors that influence knowledge leakage risk in the context of knowledge-intensive organisations. We conduct two focus groups to explore these perspectives. The research highlights three types of behavioural controls that mitigate the risk of knowledge leakage: human resource management practices, knowledge security training and awareness practices, and compartmentalisation practices

Interoperability Benefits and Challenges in Smart City Services: Blockchain as a Solution

The widespread usage of smart devices with various city-centric services speeds up and improves civic life, in contrast to growing privacy and security concerns. Security issues are exacerbated when e-government service providers trade their services within a centralised framework. Due to security concerns, city-centric centralised services are being converted to blockchain-based systems, which is a very time-consuming and challenging process. The interoperability of these blockchain-based systems is also more challenging due to protocol variances, an excessive amount of local transactions that raise scalability and rapidly occupy memory. In this paper, we have proposed a framework for interoperability across various blockchain-based smart city services. It also summarises how independent service providers might continue self-service choices (i.e., local transactions) without overloading the blockchain network and other organisations. A simulated interoperability network is used to show the network’s effectiveness. The experimental outcomes show the scalability and memory optimization of the blockchain network

R&D Collaboration between CERN and Industrial Companies: Organizational and Spatial Aspects

The findings of fundamental research in fields like fusion research, space research or high energy physics stimulate innovation and technological progress in industry. Although R&D collaborations between companies already have been investigated in detail, R&D collaborations between companies and large-scale research centers are not well understood. This report is a part of a PhD study which aimed at providing answers to the question of how to best organise and manage R&D collaborations between industry and scientific centers. This research problem is analysed using CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, as a case study. A conceptual framework is designed based on previous findings in Transaction Cost Economics, Strategic Management and the findings of related Empirical Studies. The conceptual framework captures the dynamics of R&D collaborations from conceptual design to managerial implementation: Besides the design of the collaboration format, one should pay particular attention to the selection of the collaboration partner, the negotiation of the collaboration agreement and the implementation of the collaboration. Based on the conceptual framework, general problems and success factors of innovative collaborations are identified. The collected empirical evidence from 21 cases of R&D collaborations between the electronics and data communications industry and CERN is used to answer the research problem. The empirical data was gathered in personal interviews with company engineers and CERN engineers who were directly involved in the selected R&D collaborations. The exploratory analysis leads to the identification of critical issues concerning the design of the collaboration format, the selection of the partner, the negotiation of the agreement and the implementation of the project. A deeper analysis of four R&D collaborations investigates how the collaboration partners organised the projects in order to ensure effective communication and common learning despite geographical separation. Apart from developing a conceptual framework for analysing R&D collaborations, the contribution of this study to the theoretical debate is to add more nuance to observations in the current literature regarding factors resulting in successful collaborations. More specifically, the motivations for taking part in R&D collaborations and the differences between small and large companies are elaborated here in more detail. Second, the importance of informal networks and the role of trust in such undertakings can be demonstrated in a more differentiated way. Third, the link between specific communication patterns and the location of the collaboration partners is elaborated.Series: IIR-Discussion Paper

Innovation policy; Europe or the member states?

Innovation seldom has purely domestic causes and consequences, but how can a European innovation policy complement or substitute national policies? Taking the subsidiarity principle as a starting point, this report discusses the economic rationale of a European innovation policy. Explorative empirical analysis suggests that public R&D and public funding of private R&D are subject to economies of scale and external effects. This is an argument in favour of a European innovation policy but amongst other things, the heterogeneity in social economic objectives on public R&D spending between Member States pleas for national government involvement. In addition, there are scale economies in the protection of intellectual property and in the development of standards. We conclude that a European innovation policy could have, or already has, substantial benefits over purely national policy in these areas. With respect to innovation policies targeted at SMEs, we do not find economies of scale or external effects. It seems to be efficient that these policies are mainly conducted at the national level.

Collaborative leadership among security actors to achieve sustainable national security and prosperity in Malawi : a practical framework

Collaborative leadership (CL) is a managerial concept that entails full inter-agency coordination in order to achieve enhanced security goals. The problem in Malawi, however, is limited collaboration among security actors (SAs), which has resulted in breakdown of some security issues such as border disputes, illegal migration, internal crime, violent demonstrations, corruption and political intolerance. Using a combination of both in-depth comparative security case studies and surveys of fifteen security organisations and 100 individual respondents, this study examined the effectiveness of CL among SAs for achieving sustainable NS and prosperity (SNS) in Malawi. The empirical findings show that while SAs are working together and making Malawi one of the most peaceful countries in Africa, adoption of CL approach for SNS management is still limited. In turn, these issues have affected economic development of Malawi. Based on the research findings, the study recommends a practical policy framework (PPF) called “NACUSSEPA” which is an inter-agency collaborative model for CL, SNS, and hence prosperity in Malawi. The recommended PPF is rooted in the strategic focus on SNS priorities, promotion of national cultural practices and mind-set change, sharing power, information and training security officers together for effective decision making and establishment of collaborative structures with legal mandate. Others include evaluation measures and parliamentary approval of the practical NS policy framework

REDD+ and the Collaboration between Practitioners and Experts

REDD+ is a response to the growing urgency of mitigating climate change and hindering the deforestation of tropical forests. The simple thought of “making trees worth more standing up, then cut down” and therefore storing carbon in trees, has proven to be quite complicated and complex, especially as bilateral agreements are based on result-based payments. However, what is considered a result can be much more than just the amount of reduced carbon-emission. Brazil is the country with the most tropical rainforest in the world, and Indonesia is home to the world's third largest tropical forest, and therefore important partners in the work towards reducing GHG emissions. These two countries and their bilateral agreement between Norway will be in focus in this thesis. After over 13 years, the programme has met many challenges, including miscommunication and inconsistent approaches in the bilateral agreements. Another concerns safeguarding, a requirement to have a system for in REDD+ agreements. This has proven to be almost impossible to monitor and report on. Further, the funding from Norway comes through the ODA budget, which presents additional requirements which have caused difficulties. The programme goes through evaluations, and the government does use research in their strategic planning and in the development of REDD+. Still, there are lessons learned after these years which suggests that better understanding and collaboration between researchers and practitioners is beneficial. This thesis investigates the issues with REDD+ agreements being funded through the ODA budget, and the difficulties of safeguarding as part of the requirements to receive result-based funding. Further it explores how practitioners and experts in Norway collaborate towards REDD+ today, how they share knowledge, how they interact with each other and if they have the same understanding of what the programme is trying to achieve - and what is necessary to achieve the set goals. It argues that more informal collaboration between practitioners and experts to create a common understanding and connection is necessary and would be beneficial in gaining more information regarding national contexts before mapping out plans or setting goals, which could be part of resolving issues found in connection with having safeguarding and ODA finds connected with result-based payments

Foresight Review on Design for Safety

This review explores how a culture of design for safety can enhance the safety of the world around us. Design for safety goes beyond legislation, regulations and standards. These all play an important role for established products and services but their limited scope often leads to missed opportunities to enhance safety by taking a broader perspective. Design is applied to both mature industries (which have many years of experience and a good understanding of risks and how to reduce them) and emerging industries (that use new technologies requiring new ways of controlling risk which may not yet be known or understood). An example of an emerging risk is the internet that is enabling rapid innovation of new products which generate data. This data is widely shared across the internet and the risks associated with this are as yet not fully understood by the public. A design for safety culture takes a holistic approach to understanding the influences that affect safety. Such influences are varied and take into account the broader environment within which design operates, including complex interactions, behaviour and culture. It goes beyond traditional design methods and focuses on the goal of a safer design. Implementing design for safety requires an understanding of the challenges and the methods to address them. It needs multidisciplinary teams that bring together people with the relevant skills to understand the challenges and a collaborative approach of ‘designing with’ rather than the more traditional approach of ‘designing for’. This can be achieved through an international diverse community that works together to identify and share best practices