3 research outputs found

    Car collision avoidance with velocity obstacle approach

    Get PDF
    The obstacle avoidance maneuver is required for an autonomous vehicle. It is essential to define the system's performance by evaluating the minimum reaction times of the vehicle and analyzing the probability of success of the avoiding operation. This paper presents a collision avoidance algorithm based on the velocity bstacle approach that guarantees collision-free maneuvers. The vehicle is controlled by an optimal feedback control named FLOP, designed to produce the best performance in terms of safety and minimum kinetic collision energy. Dimensionless accident evaluation parameters are proposed to compare different crash scenarios

    ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ์ƒํƒœ ์ถ”์ • ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ์ด๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜.This paper proposes development algorithm that can improve the performance of pedestrian state estimation of autonomous vehicle and verifying performance of developed algorithm. Research on autonomous vehicle technology is now more active than ever, and fully autonomous vehicles are expected to be commercialized in the near future. However, since autonomous driving technology is based on vehicles, it is very important to secure safety compared to advanced future technologies that are currently being discussed. Especially in the case of urban roads, it is much more difficult to secure the safety of autonomous driving vehicle compare to highway, because traffic factors such as pedestrians, intersections, traffic lights, and shoulder cars are much more complicated compare to highway. In order to fully commercialize an autonomous vehicle, it is essential that autonomous driving is performed on the urban roads, and precise perception of pedestrians is a very important task. In order to fully commercialize. Pedestrians are smaller than the vehicles, inconsistent in the direction of movement, and cannot solve based on communication like V2I in case of signal information. The vehicle used in this study was HMC IONIQ EV. Sensors mounted on the vehicle include 6 number of IBEO 2-D laser scanners, a vision sensor from Mobileye, and an AVM camera. In case of perceive an obstacle with laser scanner, the position information of the obstacle is accurate and has excellent performance has perceive vehicle or a road facility. However, a post-treatment process is required for classification, and pedestrians is too small to distinguish with other obstacles such as poles or trees. In the case of the vision sensor, h the image processing is excellent in the classification of the object, but, there are big position errors, so it is impossible to estimate the motion of the pedestrian. In this stud, sensor fusion is used to compensate for the disadvantages of the two sensors. When it is perceived using the sensor configuration of this vehicle, the position of the obstacle perceived by the laser scanner is assumed to be the true value at the corresponding step, since the most accurate data is the laser scanner data. After then, to identify which obstacle is the pedestrian, we selected pedestrian candidates as the nearest laser scanner obstacle to the pedestrian data perceived by the vision sensor. Since the longitudinal error of the vision sensor is considerably larger than the lateral error, the Mahalanobis distance is used instead of Euclidean distance to improve the accuracy of the matching. Since the algorithm is iterated every 0.1 second in this vehicle, the obstacle is estimated to be a pedestrian candidate at every step. If the same obstacle is repeatedly selected as a pedestrian candidate, the obstacle is more likely to be a pedestrian. The reliability information is added to the information of this track to take into information of this track to take into account the number of pedestrian candidates selected. Finally, although the laser scanner data is the most accurate position information that can be perceived in the vehicle, that is different with the actual position of the obstacle, no matter how small. Even if the error is very small, the error can be amplified when the error is used to estimate the speed. Especially, this phenomenon is particularly noticeable when the speed tis small and the direction changes frequently, such as a pedestrian. To reduce this phenomenon as much as possible, the accuracy of speed estimation is improved by using an EKF. In this study, algorithm development and simulation were performed using MATLAB/Simulink. Data collection and algorithm verification were performed using real vehicle experiments using autonomous vehicle.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ์ƒํƒœ ์ถ”์ • ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์™„์ „์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ „๋ง์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ์— ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒจ๋‹จ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž, ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ, ๊ฐ“๊ธธ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตํ†ต์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์ „์šฉ๋„๋กœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ๋„๋กœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚œ์ด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹ฌ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ์˜ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋Š” ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๊ณ , ์ด๋™๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด V2I ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ž๋™์ฐจ IONIQ EV๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋œ ์„ผ์„œ๋Š” IBEO ์‚ฌ์˜ 2-D ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์Šค์บ๋„ˆ 6๊ฐœ, ๋ชจ๋นŒ์•„์ด์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„์ „์„ผ์„œ, AVM ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋กœ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋„๋กœ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ ํƒ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์•„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ˆ˜, ํด ๋“ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ „์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, ์œ„์น˜ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ณ , ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘ ์„ผ์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ผ์„œ์œตํ•ฉ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์„ผ์„œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ถ”์ • ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ›„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋น„์ „ ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋น„์ „์„ผ์„œ์˜ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์˜ค์ฐจ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋งˆํ• ๋ผ๋…ธ๋น„์Šค ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์นญ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์€ 0.1์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งค ์Šคํ…๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋™์ผํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋™์ผํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํŠธ๋ž™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ํŠธ๋ž™์˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณดํ–‰์žํ›„๋ณด๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋œ ํšŸ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ์Šค์บ๋„ˆ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์—์„œ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด์™€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋ผ๋„ ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‘์€ ์œ„์น˜์˜ค์ฐจ๋ผ๋„ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†๋ ฅ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ฆํญ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™•์žฅ ์นผ๋งŒ ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†๋„ ์ถ”์ •์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์€ MATLAB / Simulink๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ค์ฐจ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Abstract โ…ฐ List of Figures โ…ด Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Motivation 1 1.2 Thesis Outline 5 Chapter 2 Sensor configuration and Characteristics 6 2.1 Sensor configuration for perception of autonomous vehicle 6 2.2 The characteristic of perceptoin based on laser scanner 9 2.3 The characteristic of perception based on vision sensor 11 Chapter 3 Fusion of laser scanner and vision sensor 15 3.1 Algorithm Overview 15 3.2 Selection of pedestrian candidates using MD-based cost function optimization 16 3.3 Selection of error covariance matrix by conducting vehicle experiments 21 3.4 Pedestrian track management introducing reliability 27 3.5 Improved performance of state estimation using EKF 29 3.6 Result of algorithm execution 33 Chapter 4 Conclusion 35 Bibliography 36 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 43Maste

    Predictive Maneuver Planning for an Autonomous Vehicle in Public Highway Traffic

    No full text
    corecore