Technological complex for production, transportation and storage of gas from the offshore gas and gas hydrates fields

Purpose. Substantiation and development of schematics acceptable for the existing technological methods of natural gas production and transportation from the offshore fields of gas or gas hydrates. Improvement of their efficiency by way of maximum reduction of energy consumption as the result of complex consideration of thermal and physical properties and parameters of the system components interaction in the deposit under development. Methods. Analysis and generalization of the results of complex experimental research performed on the multifunctional laboratory gas hydrate installation. Findings. The technology of gas hydrates extraction from the productive reservoir without energy consumption for the phase transition is proposed. It is proved that simultaneous development of gas hydrate fields and gas fields via binding free gas into gas hydrate by ensuring necessary temperature and pressure conditions during gas passing through the sea waterbody is expedient. The feasibility of combining in one chain the proposed technology of the developing the offshore gas and gas hydrate fields with technology of gas transportation in hydrate form and its preservation in ground storages is proved. Originality. It was substantiated that gas hydrates can be extracted from the productive reservoir without energy consumption for dissociation, by creating conditions of its recrystallization as a result of joint actions of submerged jets of sea water in the mixture with abrasive material and pressure fluctuations. Practical implications. The proposed gas hydrate technology creates important prerequisites for the development of small and medium remote gas deposits (including gas hydrate ones), the network of ground hydrates storages, improves the efficiency and competitiveness of technology for marine transportation of natural gas in hydrate formМета. Обґрунтування і розробка принципових схем, прийнятних для існуючого рівня техніки, способів видобування й транспортування природного газу, газових або газогідратних морських родовищ, та підвищення їх ефективності шляхом максимального зниження енерговитрат у результаті комплексного урахування теплофізичних властивостей і параметрів взаємодії складових системи у межах покладу, що розробляється. Методика. Аналіз та узагальнення результатів комплексу експериментальних досліджень, проведених на багатофункціональній лабораторній газогідратній установці. Результати. Запропоновано технологію вилучення газогідрату із продуктивного пласта без витрати енергії на фазовий перехід. Обґрунтовано доцільність сумісної розробки газогідратних і газових родовищ шляхом зв’язування вільного газу в газогідрат за рахунок наявності необхідних термобаричних умов при його проходженні крізь морську товщу. Обґрунтовано доцільність поєднання в один ланцюг запропонованої технології розробки морських газогідратних і газових родовищ з технологіями транспортування газу у газогідратній формі та його зберігання у наземних сховищах. Наукова новизна. Обґрунтовано можливість вилучення газогідрату із продуктивного пласта без витрати енергії на дисоціацію шляхом створення умов його перекристалізації у результаті сумісної дії затоплених струменів морської води у суміші з абразивним матеріалом та пульсацій тиску. Практична значимість. Запропонована газогідратна технологія створює важливі передумови розробки малих та середніх віддалених родовищ газу (у тому числі й газогідратних), створення мережі наземних гідратосховищ, підвищення ефективності та конкурентоздатності технології морського транспортування природного газу у газогідратній формі.Цель. Обоснование и разработка принципиальных схем, приемлемых для существующего уровня техники, способов добычи и транспортировки природного газа, газовых или газогидратных морских месторождений и повышение их эффективности путем максимального снижения энергозатрат в результате комплексного учета теплофизических свойств и параметров взаимодействия элементов системы в пределах разрабатываемой залежи. Методика. Анализ и обобщение результатов комплекса экспериментальных исследований, выполненных на многофункциональной лабораторной газогидратной установке. Результаты. Предложена технология извлечения газогидрата из продуктивного пласта без затрат энергии на фазовый переход. Обоснованно целесообразность совместной разработки газогидратных и газовых месторождений путем связывания свободного газа в газогидрат за счет наличия необходимых термобарических условий при его прохождении сквозь морскую толщу. Обоснованно целесообразность объединения в одну цепь предложенной технологии разработки морских газогидратных и газовых месторождений с технологиями транспортировки газа в газогидратной форме и его хранения в наземных хранилищах. Научная новизна. Обоснована возможность извлечения газогидрата из продуктивного пласта без затрат энергии на диссоциацию путем создания условий его перекристаллизации в результате совместного воздействия затопленных струй морской воды в смеси с абразивным материалом и пульсаций давления. Практическая значимость. Предложенная газогидратная технология создает важные предпосылки разработки малых и средних отдаленных месторождений газа (в том числе и газогидратных), создания сети наземных гидратохранилищ, повышения эффективности и конкурентоспособности технологии морской транспортировки природного газа в газогидратной форме.This work has become possible due to financial and organizational support within the frames of the state budget research project under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine “Application of gas hydrate technology in the development of traditional and gas hydrate gas deposits” No 0113U00857, “Research of influence of thermodynamic parameters of phase transitions in systems with gas hydrates on the efficiency of gas hydrate technology” No 0115U002420. The authors express their gratitude to the supervisor of these projects – Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Head of the Underground Mining Department at the National Mining University (Dnipropetrovsk) Volodymyr Bondarenko for his support in conducting the research

Mechanical performance of auxetic polyurethane foam for antivibration glove applications

In this study the static and dynamic characteristics of conventional open cell polyurethane (PU), of auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) and of iso-density foams were analysed. The specimens were produced from conventional gray open-cells polyurethane foam with 30-35 pores/inch and 0.0027 g/cm3 density, by means of process which has been previously defined by the authors. Poisson’s ratio measurements were performed under quasi-static conditions using an MTS 858 servohydraulic test machine and a video image acquisition system. For the auxetic foams the results suggested similar behaviour to that previously reported in the literature, with significant increases in stiffness during compressive loading, and a significant dependence of the Poisson’s ratio on the applied strain. Transmissibility tests, performed in accordance with the ISO 13753 procedure for antivibration glove materials, suggested a strong dependence of the transmissibility on the foam manufacturing parameters. Within the frequency range from 10 to 31.5 Hz the transmissibility was found to be greater than 1, while it was less than 1 at all frequencies greater than 31.5 Hz. The transmissibility results were similar to the mean values for 80 resilient materials tested by Koton et. al., but were higher than the five best materials (not all polymeric) identified by the same researchers. In this study it has been suggested that the resilient behaviour of glove isolation materials should also be evaluated in terms of the indentation characteristics. A simple, linear elastic, Finite Element simulation was therefore performed, and the indentation results suggested that auxetic foams offer a significant decrease in compressive stresses with respect to conventional PU foams

Dynamic behavior and damping capacity of auxetic foam pads

A novel set of auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) open cell polyurethane foam has been developed and tested under dynamic loading conditions to assess the viscoelastic response under white noise random excitation and compressive cycling. Foam pads normalized to standard ISO 13753 have been tested at room temperature and frequency bandwidth 10-500 Hz to assess transmissibility characteristics for possible antivibration glove applications. The results show that the ISO 13753 normalized transmissibility for these foams falls below 0.6 above 100 Hz, with lower peak maximum stresses under indentation compared to conventional open cell solids. These results suggest possible use of the auxetic foam for pads or linens against « white fingers« vibration applications. Further tests have been conducted on cyclic compressive loading up to 3 Hz and loading ratios of 0.95 for loading histories up to 100000 cycles. The damping capacity of the auxetic foams showed and increase by a factor 10 compared to the conventional foams used to manufacture the negative Poisson's ratio ones, and stiffness degradation stabilized after few tens on cycles

Rigid open-cell polyurethane foam for cryogenic insulation

Lightweight polyurethane foam assembled in panels is effective spacer material for construction of self-evacuating multilayer insulation panels for cryogenic liquid tanks. Spacer material separates radiation shields with barrier that minimizes conductive and convective heat transfer between shields

Development of water surface mobile garbage collector robot

This paper presents a prototype of Water Surface Mobile Garbage Collector Robot built in motivation to educate the people to love and monitor the health of our rivers by collecting the trash themselves using mobile robot. The garbage collector is designed aimed for the cleaning of small-scale lakes, narrow rivers, and drains in Malaysia. The navigation of the robot is controlled using wireless Bluetooth communication from a smartphone application. The performance of the water garbage collector in terms of manoeuvring control efficiency and garbage collection load capacity was tested and evaluated. Based on the experimental results from a swimming pool, it can operate within a 4-metre range and collect 192 grams of small to medium sized recyclable garbage such as food packages, water bottles, and plastics in 10 seconds. It managed to float and navigate on the Panchor River within Bluetooth network range. A strong, lightweight and waterproof material is recommended for use for this water garbage collector. A proximity sensor or image processing technique for detecting garbage on the water surface may be studied and included in the future to enable a fully autonomous manoeuvring control system

Synthesis of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers containing isosorbide and polycarbonate diol and their biocompatible properties.

A new family of highly elastic polyurethanes (PUs) partially based on renewable isosorbide were prepared by reacting hexamethylene diisocyanate with a various ratios of isosorbide and polycarbonate diol 2000 (PCD) via a one-step bulk condensation polymerization without catalyst. The influence of the isorsorbide/PCD ratio on the properties of the PU was evaluated. The successful synthesis of the PUs was confirmed by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance. The resulting PUs showed high number-average molecular weights ranging from 56,320 to 126,000 g mol(-1) and tunable Tg values from -34 to -38℃. The thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The PU films were flexible with breaking strains from 955% to 1795% at from 13.5 to 54.2 MPa tensile stress. All the PUs had 0.9-2.8% weight lost over 4 weeks and continual slow weight loss of 1.1-3.6% was observed within 8 weeks. Although the cells showed a slight lower rate of proliferation than that of the tissue culture polystyrene as a control, the PU films were considered to be cytocompatible and nontoxic. These thermoplastic PUs were soft, flexible and biocompatible polymers, which open up a range of opportunities for soft tissue augmentation and regeneration

Non-flammable elastomeric fiber from a fluorinated elastomer and containing an halogenated flame retardant

Flame retardant elastomeric compositions are described comprised of either spandex type polyurethane having incorporated into the polymer chain halogen containing polyols, conventional spandex type polyurethanes in physical admixture with flame retardant additives, or fluoroelastomeric resins in physical admixture with flame retardant additives. Methods are described for preparing fibers of the flame retardant elastomeric materials and articles of manufacture comprised of the flame retardant clastomeric materials and non elastic materials such as polybenzimidazoles, fiberglass, nylons, etc

Sprayable low density ablator and application process

A sprayable, low density ablative composition is described consisting esentially of: (1) 100 parts by weight of a mixture of 25-65% by weight of phenolic microballoons, 0-20% by weight of glass microballoons, 4-10% by weight of glass fibers, 25-45% by weight of an epoxy-modified polyurethane resin, 2-4% by weight of a bentonite dispersing aid, and 1-2% by weight of an alcohol activator for the bentonite; (2) 1-10 parts by weight of an aromatic amine curing agent; and (3) 200-400 parts by weight of a solvent

Flexible aromatic disulfide monomers for high-performance self-healable linear and cross-linked poly(urethane-urea) coatings

Implementation of the self-healing concept in coatings is challenging because they have to combine mechanical strength and chain mobility. This challenge is addressed in this work by studying the effect of the polymer microstructure on the mechanical properties and self-healing ability of waterborne poly(urethane-urea) coatings containing aromatic disulfide dynamic bonds. The structural modifications studied are the concentration and flexibility of the aromatic disulfide units and the effect of cross-linking. The effects and limits of these structural changes on the mechanical properties of the polymers and their healability were determined via a combination of DMA measurements, tensile tests, and rheological and scratch closure experiments. It was found that the flexibility of the disulfide unit was key to develop more efficient self-healing materials which offer the necessary molecular mobility for self-healing while simultaneously maintaining a level of mechanical strength that are essential for coating applications.The European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme is accredited for the financial support through Project TRACKWAY-ITN 642514 under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement. N.B. acknowledges the financial support obtained through the Post-Doctoral fellowship Juan de la Cierva - Incorporación (IJCI-2016-28442), from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spai

Analysis of wear mechanism in TPU-steel contact pair by means of long stroke tribometer tests

A complete wear characterisation of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) sliding against steel is presented. Wear tests were performed using a long stroke tribometer under sliding reciprocating movement and dry conditions. The dependence of some of the most significant parameters was studied. Before and after wear tests, complementary observations, analyses and measurements were also performed on both contacting materials. These various characterisations involved weight loss of TPU, physico-chemical and thermo- mechanical analyses of TPU, included topographical measurements and morphological observations of worn surfaces of contacting pairs and calculations of the temperature rise generated by friction