An Optimization Technique for CRC Generation

Abstract: In networking environments, the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is widely utilized to determine whether errors have been introduced during transmissions over physical links. In this paper, we present a fast cyclic redundancy check (CRC) algorithm that performs CRC computation for an arbitrary length of message in parallel. This paper proposes 64 bits parallel CRC architecture based on F matrix with order of generator polynomial is 32 and showed CRC-64 is having less latency and high throughput compared to CRC-32 parallel architecture through Xilinx Simulator

Energy efficient implementation of multi-phase quasi-adiabatic Cyclic Redundancy Check in near field communication

Ultra-low power operation in power-limited portable devices (e.g. cell phone and smartcard) is paramount. Existing conventional CMOS consume high energy. The adiabatic logic technique has the potential of rendering energy efficient operation. In this paper, a multi-phase quasi-adiabatic implementation of 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is proposed, compliant with the ISO/IEC-14443 standard for contactless smart cards. In terms of a number of CRC bits, the design is scalable and all generator polynomials and initial load values can be accommodated. The CRC design is used as a vehicle to evaluate a range of adiabatic logic styles and power-clock strategies. The effects of voltage scaling and variations in Process-Voltage-Temperature (PVT) are also investigated providing an insight into the robustness of adiabatic logic styles. PFAL and IECRL designs using a 4-phase power-clock are shown to be both the most energy-efficient and robust designs

Adiabatic Approach for Low-Power Passive Near Field Communication Systems

This thesis tackles the need of ultra-low power electronics in the power limited passive Near Field Communication (NFC) systems. One of the techniques that has proven the potential of delivering low power operation is the Adiabatic Logic Technique. However, the low power benefits of the adiabatic circuits come with the challenges due to the absence of single opinion on the most energy efficient adiabatic logic family which constitute appropriate trade-offs between computation time, area and complexity based on the circuit and the power-clocking schemes. Therefore, five energy efficient adiabatic logic families working in single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase power-clocking schemes were chosen. Since flip-flops are the basic building blocks of any sequential circuit and the existing flip-flops are MUX-based (having more transistors) design, therefore a novel single-phase, 2-phase and 4-phase reset based flip-flops were proposed. The performance of the multi-phase adiabatic families was evaluated and compared based on the design examples such as 2-bit ring counter, 3-bit Up-Down counter and 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) circuit (benchmark circuit) based on ISO 14443-3A standard. Several trade-offs, design rules, and an appropriate range for the supply voltage scaling for multi-phase adiabatic logic are proposed. Furthermore, based on the NFC standard (ISO 14443-3A), data is frequently encoded using Manchester coding technique before transmitting it to the reader. Therefore, if Manchester encoding can be implemented using adiabatic logic technique, energy benefits are expected. However, adiabatic implementation of Manchester encoding presents a challenge. Therefore, a novel method for implementing Manchester encoding using adiabatic logic is proposed overcoming the challenges arising due to the AC power-clock. Other challenges that come with the dynamic nature of the adiabatic gates and the complexity of the 4-phase power-clocking scheme is in synchronizing the power-clock v phases and the time spent in designing, validation and debugging of errors. This requires a specific modelling approach to describe the adiabatic logic behaviour at the higher level of abstraction. However, describing adiabatic logic behaviour using Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) is a challenging problem due to the requirement of modelling the AC power-clock and the dual-rail inputs and outputs. Therefore, a VHDL-based modelling approach for the 4-phase adiabatic logic technique is developed for functional simulation, precise timing analysis and as an improvement over the previously described approaches

High-Performance Hardware and Software Implementations of the Cyclic Redundancy Check Computation

The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is an error detection code used in many digital transmission and storage systems. The two major research areas surrounding CRCs concern developing computation approaches and studying error detection properties. This thesis aims to explore the various aspects of the CRC computation, with the primary objective being to propose novel computation approaches which outperform the existing ones. The work begins with a thorough examination of the formulations found throughout the literature. Then, their subsequent realizations as hardware architectures and software algorithms are investigated. During this investigation, some improvements are presented including optimizations of the state-space trans­ formed and primitive architectures. Afterward, novel formulations are derived and the most significant contribution consists of a matrix decomposition that gives rise to a high-performance software algorithm. Simulation and implementation results are gathered for both hardware and software deployments of the investigated computa­ tion approaches. The theoretical results obtained by simulations are validated with implementation experiments. The proposed algorithm is shown to outperform the existing comparable low-memory algorithm in terms of time complexity