341 research outputs found

    Finite Element Method-based Design and Simulations of Micro-cantilever Platform for Chemical and Bio-sensing Applications

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    Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based cantilever platform have capability for the detection of chemical and biological agents. This paper reports about the finite element method (FEM) based design and simulations of MEMS-based piezoresistor cantilever platform to be used for detection of chemical and biological toxic agents. Bulk micromachining technique is adopted for the realisation of the device structure. MEMS piezoresistive biosensing platforms are having potential for a field-based label-free detection of various types of bio-molecules. Using the MEMMECH module of CoventorWare® simulations are performed on the designed model of the device and it is observed that principal stress is maximum along the length (among other dimensions of the micro-cantilever) and remains almost constant for 90 per cent of the length of the micro-cantilever. The dimensions of piezoresistor are optimised and the output voltage vs. stress analysis for various lengths of the piezoresistor is performed using the MEMPZR module of the CoventorWare®

    Development of microcantilever sensors for cell studies

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    Micro- and nano- electromechanical devices such as microcantilevers have paved the way for a large variety of new possibilities, such as the rapid diagnosis of diseases and a high throughput platform for drug discovery. Conventional cell assay methods rely on the addition of reagents, disrupting the measurement, therefore providing only the endpoint data of the cell growth experiment. In addition, these methods are typically slow to provide results and time and cost consuming. Therefore, microcantilever sensors are a great platform to conduct cell culturing experiments for cell culture, viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity monitoring, providing advantages such as being able to monitor cell kinetics in real time without requiring external reagents, in addition to being low cost and fast, which conventional cell assay methods are unable to provide. This work aims to develop and test different types of microcantilever biosensors for the detection and monitoring of cell proliferation. This approach will overcome many of the current challenges facing microcantilever biosensors, including but not limited to achieving characteristics such as being low cost, rapid, easy to use, highly sensitive, label-free, multiplexed arrays, etc. Microcantilever sensor platforms utilizing both a single and scanning optical beam detection methods were developed and incorporated aspects such as temperature control, calibration, and readout schemes. Arrays of up to 16 or 32 microcantilever sensors can be simultaneously measured with integrated microfluidic channels. The effectiveness of these cantilever platforms are demonstrated through multiple studies, including examples of growth induced bending of polyimide cantilevers for simple real-time yeast cell measurements and a microcantilever array for rapid, sensitive, and real-time measurement of nanomaterial toxicity on the C3A human liver cell line. In addition, other techniques for microcantilever arrays and microfluidics will be presented along with demonstrations for the ability for stem cell growth monitoring and pathogen detection

    Real-Time Bio Sensing Using Micro-Channel Encapsulated MEMS Resonators

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    This work presents a label-free bio-molecular detection technique based on realtime monitoring of the resonant frequency of micromechanical thermal-piezoresistive rotational mode disk resonators encapsulated in microfluidic channels. Mass loading via adsorption of molecular layers on the surface of such devices results in a frequency shift. In order to provide a reliable platform for sample-resonator interactions and to protect the resonators from contaminants, the resonators were encapsulated in PDMS-based microfluidic channels. Micro-channel encapsulation also allows insulation of electrical signals from the analyte solution. To characterize the performance of such devices as real-time label-free bio-molecular detectors, the strong non-covalent binding of Avidin with its ligand, biotin was utilized. To further validate the measured frequency shifts and confirm that the frequency shifts are due to molecular attachments to the resonator surfaces, fluorescent labeled molecules followed by fluorescent imaging was used confirming the existence of the expected molecular layers on the resonator surfaces

    Design, Simulation And Analysis Of Piezoresistive Microcantilever For Biosensing Applications

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    Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2016Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2016Son on yılda, çeşitli araştırma çalışmaları, Biyolojik Mikroelektromekanik Sistem (Bio-MEMS) biyosensörlerinin Deoksiribonükleik Asit (DNA), proteinler, Bakteri ve Antijenler gibi biyomolekülleri belirleme yeteneğini ortaya koydu. Ancak, numunelerde tespit edilmesi gereken analitlerin düşük konsantrasyonundan dolayı, sensörün çıktısına ufak bir sinyal neden olur. Buna cevap olarak, numunedeki birkaç analitin bulgulanmasına yanıt olarak yüksek çıktı sinyali verebilen optimize edilmiş bir biyosensör için bir ihtiyaç ortaya çıkmıştır; Nihai hedef tek bir biyomoleküle yapışmayı ölçülebilir bir miktara dönüştürmektir. Bu amaçla, basit, ucuz, oldukça hassas ve daha önemlisi analitlerin optik etiketlenmesine ihtiyaç duymadığı için (Etiketsiz), MEMS mikrokantilever tabanlı biyosensörler umut verici bir algılama çözümü olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Farklı mikrokandilever ileten teknikler arasında, piezoresistif tabanlı mikrokantilever biyosensörler, ucuz, yüksek hassasiyetli, minyatür olan, sıvı ortamlarda iyi çalışan ve entegre okuma sistemi olan cazip bir çözüm gibi gözükmektedir. Literatürde piezoresistif mikrokolantların hassasiyetini arttırmaya odaklanan birçok yayın olmasına rağmen, sırf birkaç tasarım ve işlem parametresini optimize etmeyi düşündükleri için sonuçta elde edilen hassaslık arttırmaları pratik uygulamalar için yetersiz kalıyordu. Literatürde yapılan çalışmanın analizinden sonra, Piezoresistif mikrokandilöre dayalı sensörlerin hassasiyetini arttırmak için optimize edilebilen / kullanılabilen parametreler / yaklaşımlar: kantilever boyutları, kantilever Malzemesi, kantilever şekli, Piezoresistör malzemesi, Piezoresistör Doping seviyesi, Piezoresistör Boyutları, Piezoresistörün konumu, Stres konsantrasyon Bölgesinin (SCR) şekli ve konumu. Bu çalışmada, tüm tasarım ve işlem parametrelerinin duyarlılık üzerindeki etkisini analizi yapıldıktan sonra, kademeli optimizasyon yaklaşımı geliştirilmiş. Bu yaklaşımında neredeyse tüm parametreleri , her adımda biri olmak üzere, değiştirerek öbtimsyon yapılmış ve öyleyse hassasiyet maksimum düzeyde olmasını sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma boyunca, sensör performansını simüle etmek için ticari bir Sonlu Elemanlar Analizi (FEA) aracı olan COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0 kullanıldı. Her bir optimizasyon adımında, aynı uygulanan kuvvet için piezoresistor bölgelerindeki gerilimi en üst düzeye çıkaracak ve yoğunlaştıracak şekilde parametrenin optimize edilmesi hedefi daha yüksek duyarlılık elde etmektir. Toplamda, son optimize edilmiş sensörü elde etmek için neredeyse 46 farklı simülasyon yapıldı. Biyolijik uygulamalarında kullanılan etkileşimli kuvvetler onlarca ila yüzlerce pN arasında olduğu için, bu sensörde kullanılacak 25 ila 250 pN aralığı seçilmiştir. Optimizasyon işlemindeki tüm simülasyonlar sırasında 250 pN'lik bir toplam xxvi dağıtılmış kuvvet, analitlerin sensöre bağlanmasını temsil eden Altın katmanın üzerine uygulanır. Başlangıç olarak sırasıyla uzunluk, genişlik ve kalınlık için boyutları (200μm × 120μm × 1.5μm) olan dikdörtgen bir tek kristal Silicon Microcantilever kullanılmıştır. Konsolun üst kısmında, analitlerin tutturulması için 100μm × 100μm × 0.2μm Gold katmanı kullanılırken, piezo rezistanslı algılama için 20μm × 5μm × 0.5μ dikdörtgen polisilik piezoresistor kullanılır. Burada kullanılan piezoresistor, 1 x 1016 cm-3 'lük bir p-tipi dopant yoğunluğuna, 400 nm'lik bir kalınlığa ve 1V'lık uyarılma voltajına sahiptir. Dikdörtgen bir konsoldan başlamak üzere piezoresistor malzemesi ve doping seviyesi iki aşamada optimize edilmiştir. Piezistoristor malzemesi değiştiğinde (tek kristal silikon ve Poly-silikon), tek kristal silikon durumunda ΔR / R duyarlılığının daha yüksek olduğu bulundu. Fakat bu sensör tasarımı için, hassasiyet kristal yönüne bağlı olmayan, sensör imalatı daha kolay, daha ucuz ve ITUnano laboratuarında gerçekleştirilebildiğinden, piezoresistor malzemesi olarak polisilikon seçilmiştir. Sonra, doping düzeyini 1 x 1015 cm-3 ile 1 x 1020 cm-3 aralığında değiştirerek ve ΔR / R hassasiyetini hesaplayarak, aşağıdaki simülasyonlar boyunca kullanılacak doping seviyesi belirlendi. 1 × 1018 cm -3 doping seviyesinin, termal gürültü etkisini azaltacak kadar yüksek olduğu, aynı zamanda duyarlılığın da o kadar fazla etkilemediği görülmektedir. Böylece, bu doping seviyesi tüm sonrakı simülasyonlar boyunca seçildi ve kullanıldı. Daha sonra konsol malzemesi, aynı uygulanan kuvvet için maksimum gerilme ve sapma sağlayan malzeme bulmak için çeşitlendirilir. Beklendiği gibi, farklı konsol malzemeler, farklı maksimum sapma ve gerilme değerleri verdi. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, Silikon Dioksit (SiO2) düşük genç modül değerleri nedeniyle diğer malzemelere kıyasla en yüksek azami sapma ve gerilme değerlerine sahip olduğu bulundu.Tekli kristal silikon (başlangıç konsol malzemesi) durumunda olduğu gibi SiO2'nin neredeyse 2.5 kat daha yüksek sapma ve 1.7 kat daha yüksek hassaslık ile sonuçlandı ve böylece bu biyosensörün konsol malzemesi olarak SiO2 seçildi ve aşağıdaki optimizasyon adımlarda kullanıldı. Daha sonra, çeşitli konsol şekilleri (Dikdörtgen, Pi-şekli, T-şekli, Trapezoid, Kademeli-Trapezoid ve Üçgen) tanıtıldı ve her şekil için boyutlar, işlem ve cihaz sınırlamaları göz önünde bulundurularak değiştirildi. Bütün bu simülasyonların sonuçları, maksimum hassaslığı veren optimize şekli bulmak için karşılaştırıldı. Dikdörtgen şekil mikrokantilever optimizasyon adımı sırasında konsol kalınlığının konsol uzunluğu ve genişliğindeki değişimle karşılaştırıldığında sensör hassasiyeti üzerinde en yüksek etkiye sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Konsol kalınlığı 3μm ve 1.5μm arasında değiştiğinde, konsol kalınlığı azaldığında duyarlılık arttığı bulundu. 1.5μm kalınlıktaki konsolun kullanılması, 3μm kalınlıktaki konsoldan 4 kat daha fazla yüksek hassasiyet göstermiştir. Böylece, 1.5μm son optimize konsol kalınlığı olarak seçildi. Konsol uzunluğu 150μm ila 350μm arasında değiştirildiğinde, konsol uzunluğu arttıkça hassasiyet artmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 350μm uzunluğunda konsolun 150μm uzunluğundaki konsoldan yaklaşık 3.5 kat daha yüksek bir xxvii hassaslık verdiğini görüyoruz. Böylece, 350μm son optimize konsol uzunluğu olarak seçildi. Konsol genişliği 120μm ve 250μm arasında değiştirildiğinde, konsol genişliği arttıkça hassasiyet azalmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 120μm genişlikli konsolun 250μm genişliğinde konsoldan 2.4 kat daha yüksek bir hassaslık verdiğini görüyoruz. Böylece, 120μm son optimize konsol genişliği olarak seçildi. Buna ek olarak, farklı dikdörtgen mikrokantilever boyutları optimize edildikten sonra (uzunluk, genişlik ve kalınlık), duyarlılık 18.3x kat arttı. Ayrıca, dikdörtgen konsol yapısına (T şekli) iki yan delik eklenmesi, duyarlılığı 1,6 oranında arttırmıştır. Farklı trapezoid biçimli konsollardan elde edilen sonuçlardan, sıkıştırılmış konsol kenarı ile serbest kenar arasındaki 1:4 oranındaki yapının en yüksek maksimum von Mises stresini ve en yüksek duyarlılığı verdiğini görülebilir. Bunların 1:1'lik durumundan (optimize edilmiş dikdörtgen konsol) neredeyse 2.5 kat daha fazla hassasiyet vardır. Böylece, bu tasarım optimize edilmiş yamuk şeklinde konsol tasarımı olarak seçildi. Farklı basamaklı trapezoid şekilli konsollardan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, sıkıştırılmış konsol kenarı ile serbest kenara arasındaki oran 1: 4 olan yapıda, en yüksek maksimum von Mises gerilmesi ve en yüksek duyarlılık görülürken, bunun neredeyse 2.5 kat arttığı görülmektedir 1: 1'den daha büyüktür (optimize edilmiş dikdörtgen konsol). Böylece, bu tasarım optimize edilmiş basamaklı trapez şeklinde konsol tasarımı olarak seçildi. Aynı uygulanan kuvvet için, trapez şeklinde mikrokancilever tasarımı, başlangıç sensöründen 46 kat daha fazla daha yüksek hassasiyet vermiştir Hassasiyet), Kademeli-Trapezoid şekli en fazla azami sapma göstermiştir. Ardından, daha fazla duyarlılık geliştirme arayışında olan farklı konum ve yönlerde optimize trapezoid yapıda Stres Yoğunlaştırma Bölgesi (SCR) tanıtıldı. Simülasyonlardan, kelepçelenmiş konsol kenarından 15μm uzakta bulunan optimize edilmiş trapezoid yapıya 30μ × 10μm SCR dikdörtgen bir delik açılmasının, diğer konumlara kıyasla en iyi hassasiyet değerini veren neredeyse 1.6x kat daha fazla hassasiyet artışı sağladığı bulundu. Nihai sensör duyarlılığı, uygulanan kuvvete karşı dirençteki normalize edilmiş değişim açısından -1.5×10-8 Ω/Ω ⁄pN 'ye eşittir. Bu, her bir 1pN (10-10 g) için biyomoleküllerin bu biyosensöre tutunması için, piezoresistor direnci 1.5×10-8 Ω kadar azalacaktır. Başlangıç sensörüne kıyasla, son sensör tasarımı 73.5x kat daha iyi ΔR / R duyarlılığı sağlamış ve daha önce literatürde bildirilen diğer sensör tasarımlarına göre daha duyarlıdır. Bu sensörün üretim sırası hazırlanmış ancak ITUnano laboratuvarında bulunan bazı cihazlarda teknik problemler nedeniyle sensör üretilmemiştir. Gelecekteki bir çalışma olarak, önerilen imalat dizisi sensörü imal etmek ve sonuçları simülasyon sonuçları ile karşılaştırmak için kullanılacaktır. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre, konsol kalınlığı ve piezoresistor kalınlığı sensör hassasiyetini kolayca etkiler. Bu tasarımda silisyum dioksit konsol ve polisilikon piezoresistor için en düşük kalınlık sınırı olarak 1.5μm ve 0.5μm ayarlandı. Aynı tasarım için bu malzemelerin daha ince katmanlarının kullanılması duyarlılığın daha da artmasına neden olacaktır.In the past decade, several research works demonstrated the ability of Biological Microelectromechanical System (Bio-MEMS) biosensors to detect of biomolecules such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), proteins, Bacteria and Antigens. But due to the low concentration of the analytes that need to be detected in the samples,a minuscule signal results in the output of the sensor. In response to this, a need arisen for an optimized biosensor capable of giving high output signal in response the detection of few analytes in the sample; the ultimate goal is being able to convert the attachment of a single biomolecule into a measurable quantity. For this purpose, MEMS microcantilevers based biosensors have emerged as a promising sensing solution because it is simple, cheap, highly sensitive and more importantly does not need analytes optical labeling (Label-free). Among the different microcantilever transducing techniques, piezoresistive based microcantilever biosensors seem to be a more attractive solution being cheap, high sensitive, miniature, works well in liquid environments and having integrated readout system. Even though there are many publications in literature that concentrated on increasing the piezoresistive microcantilevers sensitivity, they only considered in optimizing few design and process parameters thus the resultant sensitivity enhancements are not good enough for practical applications. After the analyzation of the work found in literature, it was found that the parameters/approaches that be can be optimized/used to enhance the sensitivity of Piezoresistive microcantilever-based sensors are: Cantilever dimensions, Cantilever Material, Cantilever Shape, Piezoresistor's material, Piezoresistor's doping level, Piezoresistor's Dimensions, Piezoresistor's position, Stress concentration Region's (SCR) shape and position. In this study, after a systematic analyzation of the effect of each design and process parameters on the sensitivity, a step-wise optimization approach was developed in which almost all these parameters were variated one at each step while fixing the others to get the maximum possible sensitivity at the end. Throughout this work, COMSOL Multiphysics 5.0, a commercial Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool, was used to simulate the sensor performance. At each optimization step, the goal was to optimize the parameter in such a way that it maximizes and concentrates the stress in piezoresistors region for the same applied force thus get the higher sensitivity. In total, almost 46 different simulations were done to get the final optimized sensor. Starting with a rectangular cantilever, the piezoresistor material and doping level were optimized in two steps. When the piezoresistor material was varied (single crystal silicon and Poly-silicon), it was found that the ΔR⁄R sensitivity is higher in the case of single crystal silicon. xxiv But for this sensor design, polysilicon has been chosen as the piezoresistor material because it’s sensitivity does not depend on the crystal orientation, the sensor fabrication is easier, cheaper and can be realized in ITUnano laboratory. Next, by changing the doping level in the range between 1×1015 cm−3 to 1×1020 cm−3 and calculating the ∆R/R sensitivity, the doping level that will be used throughout the following simulations was determined. It was found that, 1×1018 cm−3 doping level is high enough to reduce the thermal noise effect, at the same time it does not be affected the sensitivity that much. Thus this doping level was chosen and used throughout the following simulations. Afterward, the cantilever material is varied to find the material that gives maximum stress and deflection for the same applied force. It was found that SiO2 resulted into almost 2.5x higher deflection and 1.7x higher sensitivity when compared to single crystal silicon (the starting cantilever material) case thus SiO2 has been selected as the cantilever material for this biosensor and it is used in the following optimization steps. Next, various cantilever shapes (Rectangular, Pi-shape, T-shape, Trapezoid, SteppedTrapezoid, and Triangular) were introduced, and for each shape, the dimensions were varied bearing in mind the process and device limits. The results from all these simulations were compared to find the optimized shape which gives the maximum sensitivity. During the rectangular shape microcantilever optimization step, it was found that the cantilever thickness has the highest effect on the sensor sensitivity when compared to the change in cantilever length and width. In addition to that, after the different rectangular microcantilever dimensions were optimized (length, width and thickness), the sensitivity increased 18.3x folds. Also, adding two side holes to the rectangular cantilever structure (T-shape) increased the sensitivity by 1.6 factor. Overall, for the same applied force, the trapezoid-shaped microcantilever design gave higher sensitivity (more than 46x times greater than the starting sensor sensitivity) whereas the stepped-trapezoid shaped gave the highest maximum deflection. Afterward, Stress Concentration Region (SCR) was introduced in the optimized trapezoid structure in different locations and orientations seeking for further sensitivity enhancement. From the simulations, it was found that adding a 30µ×10µm SCR rectangular hole to the optimized trapezoid structure 15µm away from the clamped cantilever edge, resulted in almost 1.6x times sensitivity enhancement which gave the best sensitivity value compared to the other positions. Regarding the normalized change in resistance to the applied force the final sensor’s sensitivity equals to -1.5×10-8 Ω/Ω ⁄pN; this means that for each 1pN (10-10 g) biomolecules attach to this biosensor; the piezoresistor resistivity will decrease by 1.5×10-8 Ω. When compared to the starting sensor, the final sensor design gave 73.5x times better ΔR⁄R sensitivity and it is more sensitive than the other sensor designs previously reported in the literature. The fabrication sequence for this sensor was prepared, but due to technical problems in some of the devices found in ITUnano laboratory, the sensor has not been fabricated.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

    Cantilever Array Platform for Quantitative Biological Analysis

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    RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de ce projet est de développer un réseau de microcapteurs pour collecter des données biologiques quantitatives. Ces types de données peuvent être utilisés dans divers domaines, notamment pour l'analyse cellulaire et moléculaire, la détection d’interactions biologiques spécifiques, la surveillance de maladies et la découverte de médicaments. Les capteurs proposés possèdent des réseaux de « cantilevers » qui convertissent les interactions biologiques en variations mécaniques et électriques. Ces capteurs peuvent avoir une sensibilité élevée et ont montré leurs efficacités dans diverses applications. De plus, leur utilisation permet de concevoir un système à haut débit pour la détection en temps réel de diverses paramètres. Afin de développer ces capteurs, un logiciel multiphysique (COMSOL) a été utilisé pour modéliser les « cantilevers » et plusieurs simulations électromécaniques ont été réalisées pour atteindre une conception appropriée. Deux méthodes de lecture, piezorésistive et capacitive, ont été choisies pour être utilisées avec les capteurs. Les deux capteurs ont été fabriqués par le biais de CMC Microsystems; le processus PolyMUMPs a été employé pour la fabrication de réseaux de capteurs capacitifs, et les capteurs piézorésistifs, quant à eux, ont été développés par le processus de MetalMUMPs. Enfin, les capteurs fabriqués ont été caractérisés suivant différentes étapes incluant l’interferometrie afin d'assurer leur fonctionnalité. Sur la base des résultats de simulation et de caractérisation obtenus, ces capteurs peuvent être utilisés pour élaborer une plateforme haut débit à bas coût pour diverses applications biologiques.----------ABSTRACT The objective of the present project is to develop an array of microsensors for gathering cellular and molecular quantitative biological data. Such data can be used in various fields including cellular and molecular analysis, detection of specific biological interactions, monitoring diseases, and drug discovery. The proposed sensing platform in this project can convert biological interactions into mechanical variations and subsequently converts the mechanical variations to electrical ones. This platform offers the advantage of high sensitivity, real time measurement, high throughput sensing array suitable for fundamental studies as well as clinical applications. We modeled the operation of cantilevers using COMSOL multiphysics software. These simulation techniques can efficiently be used to choose the suitable design and dimensions of cantilevers. Two readout methods, piezoresistive and capacitive, have been chosen to be used along with sensors. Both sensors were fabricated through CMC Microsystems; PolyMUMPs process was employed for fabrication of capacitive sensor array and piezoresistive sensors were developed by MetalMUMPs process. The functionality of cantilevers and their incorporated sensors were characterized through different techniques including interferometry.Based on these simulation and characterization results, the proposed sensors can be good candidate for developing a low cost, high throughput platform for various biological applications

    Microcantilever-based sensing arrays for evaluation of biomolecular interactions

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    The controlled immobilization on a surface of biomolecules used as recognition elements is of fundamental importance in order to realize highly specific and sensible biosensors. Microcantilevers (MC) are nanomechanical sensors, which can be used as label free micro-sized mechanical transducers. MC resonant frequency is sensitively modified upon molecules adsorption, demonstrating an impressive mass resolution. A widely used approach for the immobilization of biorecognition elements on silicon substrates consists in the deposition of 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) followed by the incubation with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinking agent. However, these derivatization processes produce a variable chemical functionalization because of the spontaneous polymerization of GA in aqueous solutions. With the aim of producing a more reliable chemical functionalization for protein immobilization, the deposition of a thin film of APTES by self-assembly followed by the modification of its amino groups into carboxyl groups by incubating in succinic anhydride (SA) is proposed. Moreover, the activation of these terminal carboxyl groups were performed by using the EDC/s-NHS protocol in order to enhance their reactivity toward primary amine groups present on biomolecules surface. This method was characterized from a physico-chemical point of view by means of compositional and morphological surface analysis. Moreover, data acquired after the application of this functionalization to a MC-based system showed a highly reproducible deposition of APTES/SA when compared to APTES/GA deposition process. APTES/SA derivatized MC arrays were then incubated with biomolecules for the study of its protein binding capability: the quantification of the grafted biomolecules was performed from the gravimetric data and compared with a theoretical surface density calculated through a molecular modeling tool, providing information about the orientation of the proteins tethered to the surface. In order to avoid or reduce non-specific protein interactions, Bovine Serum Albumin and ethanolamine were considered for their blocking capability. Finally, the detection of the envelope glycoprotein domain III of the Dengue virus type 1 based on immune-specific recognition through the DV32.6 antibody was performed, providing a stoichiometry ratio for the DIII-DV1/DV32.6 interaction. Currently, no cure or vaccine are available; thus, a better understanding of the interactions between the viruses and specific antibodies is expected to provide fundamental information for the development of a vaccine

    An Astigmatic Detection System for Polymeric Cantilever-based Sensors

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    We demonstrate the use of an astigmatic detection system (ADS) for resonance frequency identification of polymer microcantilever sensors. The ADS technology is based on a DVD optical head combined with an optical microscope (OM). The optical head has a signal bandwidth of 80 MHz, allowing thermal fluctuation measurements on cantilever beams with a subnanometer resolution. Furthermore, an external excitation can intensify the resonance amplitude, enhancing the signal- to-noise ratio. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the laser spot is 568 nm, which facilitates read-out on potentially submicrometer-sized cantilevers. The resonant frequency of SU-8 microcantilevers is measured by both thermal fluctuation and excited vibration measurement modes of the ADS

    Comparative advantages of mechanical biosensors

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    Mechanical interactions are fundamental to biology. Mechanical forces of chemical origin determine motility and adhesion on the cellular scale, and govern transport and affinity on the molecular scale. Biological sensing in the mechanical domain provides unique opportunities to measure forces, displacements and mass changes from cellular and subcellular processes. Nanomechanical systems are particularly well matched in size with molecular interactions, and provide a basis for biological probes with single-molecule sensitivity. Here we review micro- and nanoscale biosensors, with a particular focus on fast mechanical biosensing in fluid by mass- and force-based methods, and the challenges presented by non-specific interactions. We explain the general issues that will be critical to the success of any type of next-generation mechanical biosensor, such as the need to improve intrinsic device performance, fabrication reproducibility and system integration. We also discuss the need for a greater understanding of analyte–sensor interactions on the nanoscale and of stochastic processes in the sensing environment

    A hybrid polymer/ceramic/semiconductor fabrication platform for high-sensitivity fluid-compatible MEMS devices with sealed integrated electronics

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    Active microelectromechanical systems can couple the nanomechanical domain with the electronic domain by integrating electronic sensing and actuation mechanisms into the micromechanical device. This enables very fast and sensitive measurements of force, acceleration, or the presence of biological analytes. In particular, strain sensors integrated onto MEMS cantilevers are widely used to transduce an applied force to an electrically measurable signal in applications like atomic force microscopy, mass sensing, or molecular detection. However, the high Young's moduli of traditional cantilever materials (silicon or silicon nitride) limit the thickness of the devices, and therefore the deflection sensitivity that can be obtained for a specific spring constant. Using softer materials such as polymers as the structural material of the MEMS device would overcome this problem. However, these materials are incompatible with high-temperature fabrication processes often required to fabricate high quality electronic strain sensors. We introduce a pioneering solution that seamlessly integrates the benefits of polymer MEMS technology with the remarkable sensitivity of strain sensors, even under high-temperature deposition conditions. Cantilevers made using this technology are inherently fluid compatible and have shown up to 6 times lower force noise than their conventional counterparts. We demonstrate the benefits and versatility of this polymer/ceramic/semiconductor multi-layer fabrication approach with the examples of self-sensing AFM cantilevers, and membrane surface stress sensors for biomolecule detection
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