32,465 research outputs found
van der Waals phase transition in protein solutions
The van der Waals equation of state for imperfect gases is applied to solutions of macromolecules, especially to explain the fluid-fluid phase transition in protein solutions, a phenomenon of much interest in relation to protein crystallization. The van der Waals b parameter corresponds to the total excluded volume per pair of molecules and can be calculated from independently known molecular properties. It is comprised of terms resulting from hard-sphere and net charge-charge interactions. The experimentally determined second virial coefficient B can then be used to obtain the equilibrium constant for dimerization K, a phenomenologically accessible measure of the van der Waals a parameter. Sedimentation equilibrium is recommended as the technique for measuring B most accurately. More general results are used to make a minor quantitative correction to the van der Waals prediction concerning the criterion for the fluid-fluid phase transition. Calculations of the effect of inert co-solutes on the phase transition may prove useful in choosing crystallization conditions
Critical behaviour and microscopic structure of charged AdS black holes via an alternative phase space
It has been argued that charged Ads black holes have similar thermodynamic
behavior as the Van der Waals fluid system, provided one treats the
cosmological constant as a thermodynamic variable in an extended phase space.
In this paper, we disclose the deep connection between charged AdS black holes
and Van der Waals fluid system without extending the phase space. We keep the
cosmological constant as a fixed parameter and instead, treat the square of the
charge of black hole as a thermodynamic variable. Therefore, we write the
equation of state as where (conjugate of )
is the inverse of the specific volume, . This allows us to complete
the analogy of charged AdS black holes with Van der Waals fluid system and
derive the phase transition as well as critical exponents of the system. We
identify a thermodynamic instability in this new picture with real analogy to
Van der Waals fluid with physically relevant Maxwell construction. We therefore
study the critical behavior of isotherms in diagram and deduce all
the critical exponents of the system and determine that the system exhibits a
small-large black hole phase transition at the critical point . This alternative view is important as one can imagine such a change
for a given single black hole i. e. acquiring charge which induces the phase
transition. Finally, we disclose the microscopic properties of charged AdS
black holes by using thermodynamic geometry. Interestingly, we find that scalar
curvature has a gap between small and large black holes, and this gap becomes
exceedingly large as one moves away from the critical point along the
transition line. Therefore, we are able to attribute the sudden enlargement of
the black hole to the strong repulsive nature of the internal constituents at
the phase transition.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures. New title and a new figure in the second versio
Thermodynamic extended phase space and criticality of black holes at Pure Lovelock gravity
In this work the \textit{chemistry} of asymptotically AdS black hole, charged
and uncharged, solutions of Pure Lovelock gravity is discussed. For this the
mass parameter of black holes is identified with the enthalpy of the system
together with the promotion of the cosmological constant to a thermodynamics
variable proportional to the \textit{pressure} of the system. The equations of
state for both, charged and uncharged, are obtained. It is shown that the
charged case behaves as a Van der Waals fluid. The existence of a first order
phase transition between small stable/large stable black hole, which is a
reminiscent of the liquid/gas transition, is found. The critical exponents of
the thermal evolution, for different cases of interest, are similar to those of
the Van der Waals fluid
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