Directional Routing Techniques in VANET

Vehicle Ad hoc Networks (VANET) emerged as a subset of the Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) application; it is considered to be a substantial approach to the ITS (Intelligent Transportation System). VANETs were introduced to support drivers and improve safety issues and driving comfort, as a step towards constructing a safer, cleaner and more intelligent environment. At the present time vehicles are equipped with a number of sensors and devices, including On Board Units (OBU); this enables vehicles to sense situations affecting other vehicles and manage communications, by exploiting infrastructures such as the Road Side Unit (RSU); creating a Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) pathway, or interacting directly with other vehicles creating a Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) pathway. Owing to the lack of infrastructures and difficulties involved in providing comprehensive coverage for all roads because of the high expense associated with installation, the investigation in this research concentrates on the V2V communication type rather than theV2I communication type. Many challenges have emerged in VANET, encouraging researchers to investigate their research in an attempt to meet these challenges. Routing protocol issues are considered to be a critical dilemma that needs to be tackled in VANET, particularly in a sparse environment, by designing an effcient routing mechanism that impacts on enhancing network performance in terms of disseminating messages to a desireddestination, balancing the generated packet (overhead) on the network and increasing the ratio of packet delivery with a reduced time delay. VANET has some unique characteristics compared to MANET; specifically it includes high mobility and constrained patterns restricted by roads, which lead to generation of a disconnected area occurring continuously between vehicles creating a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN). This is in opposition to applying the multi-hope technique properly to deliver the packet to its desire destination. The aim in this thesis comprises two main contributions. First developing novel routing protocols for a sparse environment in VANET with the context of utilising the mobility feature, with the aid of the equipped devices, such as Global Position System (GPS) and Navigation System (NS). This approach exploits the knowledge of Second Heading Direction (SHD), which represents the knowledge of the next road direction the vehicle is intending to take, in order to increase the packet delivery ratio, and to increase the route stability by decreasing instances of route breakage. This approach comprises two approaches; the first approach was designed for a highway scenario, by selecting the next hop node based on a filtration process, to forward the packet to the desired destination, while the second approach was developed for the intersection and roundabout scenario, in order to deliver the packet to the destination (unknown location). The formalising and specification of the VSHDRP has been performed using the CCA (Calculus of Context-aware Ambient), in order to evaluate the protocols behaviours, the protocol has been validated using the ccaPL. In addition the performance of the VSHDRP has been evaluated using the NS-2 simulator; comparing it with Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol, to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the protocol. Second, developing a novel approach to broadcasting the HELLO beacon message adaptively in VANET based on the node's circumstances (direction and speed), in order to minimise the broadcasting of unnecessary HELLO beacon messages. A novel architecture has been built based on the adaptive HELLO beacon message, which clarifies how the OBU components are interacting with the connected sensors, in order to portray any changes in the vehicle's circumstances, so as to take the right decision to determine appropriate action. This architecture has been built based on the concept of a context aware system, which divides the architecture into three main phases; sensing processing and acting

Mobile Networks

The growth in the use of mobile networks has come mainly with the third generation systems and voice traffic. With the current third generation and the arrival of the 4G, the number of mobile users in the world will exceed the number of landlines users. Audio and video streaming have had a significant increase, parallel to the requirements of bandwidth and quality of service demanded by those applications. Mobile networks require that the applications and protocols that have worked successfully in fixed networks can be used with the same level of quality in mobile scenarios. Until the third generation of mobile networks, the need to ensure reliable handovers was still an important issue. On the eve of a new generation of access networks (4G) and increased connectivity between networks of different characteristics commonly called hybrid (satellite, ad-hoc, sensors, wired, WIMAX, LAN, etc.), it is necessary to transfer mechanisms of mobility to future generations of networks. In order to achieve this, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of current protocols and the diverse topologies to suit the new mobility conditions

Intelligent Circuits and Systems

ICICS-2020 is the third conference initiated by the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University that explored recent innovations of researchers working for the development of smart and green technologies in the fields of Energy, Electronics, Communications, Computers, and Control. ICICS provides innovators to identify new opportunities for the social and economic benefits of society.　 This conference bridges the gap between academics and R&D institutions, social visionaries, and experts from all strata of society to present their ongoing research activities and foster research relations between them. It provides opportunities for the exchange of new ideas, applications, and experiences in the field of smart technologies and finding global partners for future collaboration. The ICICS-2020 was conducted in two broad categories, Intelligent Circuits & Intelligent Systems and Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering