A two-level Markov model for packet loss in UDP/IP-based real-time video applications targeting residential users

The packet loss characteristics of Internet paths that include residential broadband links are not well understood, and there are no good models for their behaviour. This compli- cates the design of real-time video applications targeting home users, since it is difficult to choose appropriate error correction and concealment algorithms without a good model for the types of loss observed. Using measurements of residential broadband networks in the UK and Finland, we show that existing models for packet loss, such as the Gilbert model and simple hidden Markov models, do not effectively model the loss patterns seen in this environment. We present a new two-level Markov model for packet loss that can more accurately describe the characteristics of these links, and quantify the effectiveness of this model. We demonstrate that our new packet loss model allows for improved application design, by using it to model the performance of forward error correction on such links

The ICASSP 2024 Audio Deep Packet Loss Concealment Challenge

Audio packet loss concealment is the hiding of gaps in VoIP audio streams caused by network packet loss. With the ICASSP 2024 Audio Deep Packet Loss Concealment Grand Challenge, we build on the success of the previous Audio PLC Challenge held at INTERSPEECH 2022. We evaluate models on an overall harder dataset, and use the new ITU-T P.804 evaluation procedure to more closely evaluate the performance of systems specifically on the PLC task. We evaluate a total of 9 systems, 8 of which satisfy the strict real-time performance requirements of the challenge, using both P.804 and Word Accuracy evaluations

Compressed Domain Packet Loss Concealment of Sinusoidally Coded Speech

In this paper we consider the problem of packet loss concealment for Voice over IP (VoIP). The speech signal is compressed at the transmitter using A sinusoidal coding scheme working at 8 kbit/s. At the receiver, packet loss concealment is carried out working directly on the quantized sinusoidal parameters, based on time-scaling of the packets surrounding the missing ones. Subjective listening tests show promising results indicating the potential of sinusoidal speech coding for VoIP

Multiple description coding technique to improve the robustness of ACELP based coders AMR-WB

In this paper, a concealment method based on multiple-description coding (MDC) is presented, to improve speech quality deterioration caused by packet loss for algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP) based coders. We apply to the ITU-T G.722.2 coder, a packet loss concealment (PLC) technique, which uses packetization schemes based on MDC. This latter is used with two new designed modes, which are modes 5 and 6 (18,25 and 19,85 kbps, respectively). We introduce our new second-order Markov chain model with four states in order to simulate network losses for different loss rates. The performance measures, with objective and subjective tests under various packet loss conditions, show a significant improvement of speech quality for ACELP based coders. The wideband perceptual evaluation of speech quality (WB-PESQ), enhanced modified bark spectral distortion (EMBSD), mean opinion score (MOS) tests and MUltiple Stimuli with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA) for speech extracted from TIMIT database confirm the efficiency of our proposed approach and show a considerable enhancement in speech quality compared to the embedded algorithm in the standard ITU-T G.722.2

Using Autoregressive Models for Real-Time Packet Loss Concealment in Networked Music Performance Applications

In Networked Music Performances (NMP), concealing the effects of lost/late packets on the quality of the playback audio stream is of pivotal importance to mitigate the impact of the resulting audio artifacts. Traditional packet loss concealment techniques implemented in standard audio codecs can be leveraged only at the price of an increased mouth-to-ear latency, which may easily exceed the strict delay requirements of NMP interactions. This paper investigates the adoption of a low-complexity prediction technique based on autoregressive models to fill audio gaps caused by missing packets. Numerical results show that the proposed approach outperforms packet loss concealment methods normally implemented in NMP systems, typically based on filling audio gaps with silence or repetition of the last received audio segment

Bilateral Waveform Similarity Overlap-and-Add Based Packet Loss Concealment for Voice over IP

This paper invested a bilateral waveform similarity overlap-and-add algorithm for voice packet lost. Since Packet lost will cause the semantic misunderstanding, it has become one of the most essential problems in speech communication. This investment is based on waveform similarity measure using overlap-and-Add algorithm and provides the bilateral information to enhance the speech signal reconstruction. Traditionally, it has been improved that waveform similarity overlap-and-add (WSOLA) technique is an effective algorithm to deal with packet loss concealment (PLC) for real-time time communication. WSOLA algorithm is widely applied to deal with the length adaptation and packet loss concealment of speech signal. Time scale modification of audio signal is one of the most essential research topics in data communication, especially in voice of IP (VoIP). Herein, the proposed the bilateral WSOLA (BWSOLA) that is derived from WSOLA. Instead of only exploitation one direction speech data, the proposed method will reconstruct the lost voice data according to the preceding and cascading data. The related algorithms have been developed to achieve the optimal reconstructing estimation. The experimental results show that the quality of the reconstructed speech signal of the bilateral WSOLA is much better compared to the standard WSOLA and GWSOLA on different packet loss rate and length using the metrics PESQ and MOS. The significant improvement is obtained by bilateral information and proposed method. The proposed bilateral waveform similarity overlap-and-add (BWSOLA) outperforms the traditional approaches especially in the long duration data loss

On the Effects of Sender-Receiver Concealment Mismatch on Multimedia Communication Optimization

A large number of performance optimization algorithms for multimedia communications, including rate-distortion optimized schemes, rely on knowing the decoder behavior in case of data loss, i.e., the decoder-side error concealment technique. However, for the specific case of video coding, standards do not specify it, thus different decoders may - and typically do - use different concealment techniques. This work investigates the impact of assuming, in the transmission optimization phase, a concealment algorithm different from the one that is actually used by the decoder, in order to determine which are the best assumptions to use at the transmitter. Firstly, we investigate the typical performance provided by ten concealment techniques belonging to three widely used algorithmic families (spatial, temporal and mixed). Then, we assess the impact that an incorrect concealment assumption causes, in terms of both packet transmission policy changes and video quality degradation, using a simple rate-distortion transmission optimization technique that targets a generic two QoS-level network. Simulation results over several standard video sequences show that the performance impact of incorrectly assuming the decoder-side concealment technique may be significant but it is limited if the two techniques belong to the same algorithmic family. Moreover, the impact on performance caused by incorrect assumptions is strongly mitigated if the decoder employs a high-performance concealment algorithm. Finally, the impact on the performance of several parameters such as the encoding pattern, the packet loss statistics (uniform and burst losses) and the amount of high-priority traffic is evaluated, showing that the conclusions can be confidently applied to actual multimedia communication scenarios

A Hybrid Approach to Reduction of Packet Loss in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks are spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location The major role of sensor networks is sensing and delivering data to sink node, reliability is an important characteristic. However WSNs are associated with packet loss, which gets worse through multi-hop routing paths in wireless sensor networks, nodes near the destination have higher packet delivery performance. Numerous reasons for packet loss such as: signal attenuation due to the distance between the nodes, asymmetry in wireless communication links, non-uniform radio signal strength, wireless propagation effects (fading and multipath), interference due to hidden terminal problem, in addition to being  greatly affected by the deployment environment, and the behavior of wireless communication have been noticed. In an attempt to reduce packet loss via WSN, this research study proposes a combined approach of distributed storage system algorithm for wireless sensor networks coupled with Replacing Lost Packets (Packet Loss Concealment)  methods. . In an attempt to reduce packet loss via WSN, this research study proposes a combined approach of Modified distributed storage algorithm for wireless sensor networks (MDSA) coupled with Replacing Lost Packets (Packet Loss Concealment)  methods. During this study, a DSS was designed with both repetition code and regeneration code in case there is a link failure. Results from this study showed that for both codes the success probability of both theory and implementation correlate, while the regeneration code showed the highest success probability. And therefore it was chosen for further study. The implementation of regeneration code results showed that the increasing of field size also correlate with the increasing of success probability for both theory and implementation. The implementation of the proposed PLC results showed that showed that the proposed PLC algorithm improves significantly the quality of speech transmitted over an unreliable network with high packet loss rate. Though, the proposed PLC introduces additional delay which needs to be considered but the increased delay is often a necessary expense if the signal quality is a priority. Key words: Wireless Sensor Network,  Distributed Storage System algorithm, packet loss concealmen