Determinanten eines vorzeitigen Therapieabbruchs: Über den Einfluss psychosozialer und soziodemographischer Faktoren, externer Ereignisse sowie subjektiver Schlafqualität während der stationären qualifizierten Entzugsbehandlung bei Patienten mit Alkohol- und Drogenabhängigkeit auf den Therapieerfolg

Introduction Addiction is a chronic disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Qualified detoxification treatment is the first step in inpatient substance abuse treatment. Premature treatment discontinuation is a common complication with negative impact on the long-term course of the disease. Regular treatment completion is therefore a key success criterion of detoxification treatment. The aim of the present doctoral thesis was to determine the influence of socio-demographic environment, international sports events and sleep quality on qualified detoxification treatment outcome. Method Data on the patient’s social environment and medical anamnesis were collected from 832 patients and analysed with respect to the prediction of regular, respectively irregular treatment outcome. The second study aimed to evaluate a potential effect of international sports events on qualified detoxification outcome. Four periods were defined to determine admission and unplanned discharge rates prior to, during and after the European Football Championship. The aim of the third study was to evaluate sleep quality during qualified detoxification treatment and whether bad sleep might serve as a predictor of premature treatment drop-out. Results The drop-out rate in the first study was 37%. A stable social network in terms of family, employment and education and a lower dependency severity positively predicted treatment outcome, whereas an unstable social environment, younger age, male sex and a high number of previous drop-outs were predictive for a premature treatment drop-out. In the second study, the admission rate of male patients increased significantly after the European Football Championship had ended. The drop-out rate measured 26% respectively 30%. In the third study, at admission, impaired sleep was observed in 70% of the patients. Sleep quality at admission predicted the change of sleep quality during qualified detoxification treatment. But sleep quality was not a predictor for unplanned treatment drop-out. With only 7% the drop-out rate was remarkably low. Discussion With the present work, clinical knowledge about predictors of premature treatment drop-out could be expanded. The results indicate that predominantly socially stable patients benefit from the currently established treatment setting. Our results suggest that sports events such as the European Football Championship can trigger unplanned treatment drop-out in male patients. Social and political measures could improve public awareness. In the light of the prevalence of sleep disturbances during detoxification, detoxification treatment should be enriched with individual evaluation of sleep quality and insomnia-specific treatment.Sucht ist eine chronische Erkrankung, die Millionen von Menschen weltweit betrifft. Die Entgiftung ist der erste Schritt in der stationären Alkohol- und Drogentherapie. Der vorzeitige Behandlungsabbruch ist eine häufige Komplikation, die den langfristigen Verlauf der Krankheit negativ beeinflusst. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Publikationsdissertation wurden anhand von drei Studien potentielle Determinanten eines vorzeitigen Therapieabbruchs untersucht. Methodik Während der Aufnahmeuntersuchung wurden soziodemographische und medizinische Variablen von 832 Suchtpatienten erhoben und nach signifikanten Assoziationen hinsichtlich eines irregulären bzw. regulären Behandlungsabschlusses gesucht. In der zweiten Studie wurde der Einfluss der Fußball-Europameisterschaft 2012 auf die Behandlungstreue untersucht. Dabei wurden vier zu vergleichende Perioden definiert und die Aufnahmen zur qualifizierten Entzugstherapie sowie die vorzeitigen Entlassungen gegenübergestellt. In der dritten Studie wurde unter Verwendung des Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) untersucht, welchen Einfluss die subjektive Schlafqualität während der qualifizierten Entzugsbehandlung auf den Behandlungsabschluss hat und ob schlechter Schlaf als Prädiktor eines vorzeitigen Therapieabbruchs herangezogen werden kann. Ergebnisse 37% der Patienten brachen die Behandlung in der ersten Studie vorzeitig ab. Weibliches Geschlecht, Partnerschaft, Berufstätigkeit und gute Bildung waren prädiktiv für einen regulären Behandlungsabschluss, während jüngeres Alter, männliches Geschlecht, eine hohe Anzahl vorhergehender Therapieabbrüche sowie Delinquenz als Prädiktoren für einen irregulären Behandlungsabschluss identifiziert werden konnten. Die Abbruchquote der zweiten Studie lag bei 26% bzw. 30%. Bei den männlichen Patienten war nach der Europameisterschaft ein signifikanter Anstieg der Aufnahmen zu beobachten. Die Abbruchquote in der dritten Studie betrug nur 7%. Die Prävalenz von Schlafstörungen (PSQI-Wert > 5) betrug 70%. Die Schlafqualität bei der Aufnahme war prädiktiv für die Schlafqualität bei der Entlassung. Die Schlafqualität während des Entzuges jedoch war nicht prädiktiv für einen irregulären Behandlungsabschluss. Diskussion Anhand der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten die klinischen Kenntnisse über Determinanten eines vorzeitigen Therapieabbruchs erweitert werden. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass vorwiegend sozial stabile Patienten vom derzeitig etablierten Behandlungssetting profitieren. Unsere Untersuchungen legen weiterhin nahe, dass Sportgroßereignisse für männliche Patienten ein Auslöser für einen Therapieabbruch sein können, hier könnten gesellschaftspolitische Maßnahmen zu einer Verbesserung führen. In Anbetracht der Prävalenz von Schlafstörungen während des Entzuges erscheint es sinnvoll, das stationäre Behandlungskonzept um Maßnahmen zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen zu erweitern

The prevalence of insomnia in the general population in China: A meta-analysis

This is the first meta-analysis of the pooled prevalence of insomnia in the general population of China. A systematic literature search was conducted via the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Interne (CNKI), WanFang Data and SinoMed). Statistical analyses were performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program. A total of 17 studies with 115,988 participants met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. The pooled prevalence of insomnia in China was 15.0% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 12.1%-18.5%). No significant difference was found in the prevalence between genders or across time period. The pooled prevalence of insomnia in population with a mean age of 43.7 years and older (11.6%; 95% CI: 7.5%-17.6%) was significantly lower than in those with a mean age younger than 43.7 years (20.4%; 95% CI: 14.2%-28.2%). The prevalence of insomnia was significantly affected by the type of assessment tools (Q = 14.1, P = 0.001). The general population prevalence of insomnia in China is lower than those reported in Western countries but similar to those in Asian countries. Younger Chinese adults appear to suffer from more insomnia than older adults

Sleep Quality and the Mediating Role of Stress Management on Eating by Nursing Personnel

Background: The work schedule of nursing personnel often involves double or continuous shifts and sources of stress derived from the work context, making it necessary to ensure their rest and eating habits contribute to a healthy lifestyle. The objective of this study was to analyze the mediating role of stress management on the effect that sleep quality has on uncontrolled and emotional eating by nursing professionals. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 was applied to measure uncontrolled and emotional eating, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a measure of sleep quality, and the EQ-i-20M for the stress management component of emotional intelligence. (2) Methods: A sample of 1073 nurses aged 22 to 57 years was selected for this purpose. (3) Results: The main result of this study was that stress management was a mediator in the effect of sleep quality on uncontrolled and emotional eating. Furthermore, low scores for sleeping problems correlated with high scores for stress management. The results also revealed a strong negative association between stress management and uncontrolled and emotional eating. (4) Conclusions: The results are discussed from the perspective of promoting health at work as well as improving the psychosocial wellbeing of nursing professionals and increasing the quality of patient care

Oneiric stress and safety and security at work: the discovery of a new universal symbol

Cox and Griffiths define as psychosocial risks at work “those aspects of the planning, organization and management of work, which, along with their environmental and social contexts, may affect mental and physical health of the employees, directly or indirectly producing stress”. Therefore, a more effective approach to occupational safety and security should include integrated risk management through the identification of any work stress related problem. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the possible correlation of risk at work with the modification of sleep, and inside it, the specific function of dream activity

How are normal sleeping controls selected? A systematic review of cross-sectional insomnia studies, and a standardised method to select healthy controls for sleep research

There appears to be some inconsistency in how normal sleepers (controls) are selected and screened for participation in research studies for comparison with insomnia patients. The purpose of the current study is to assess and compare methods of identifying normal sleepers in insomnia studies, with reference to published standards. We systematically reviewed the literature on insomnia patients which included control subjects. The resulting 37 articles were systematically reviewed with reference to the five criteria for normal sleep specified by Edinger et al. (2004). In summary, these criteria are: evidence of sleep disruption; sleep scheduling; general health; substance/medication use; and other sleep disorders. We found sleep diaries, PSG, and clinical screening examinations to be widely used with both control subjects and insomnia participants. However, there are differences between research groups in the precise definitions applied to the components of normal sleep. We found that none of reviewed studies applied all of the Edinger et al. criteria, and 16% met four criteria. In general, screening is applied most rigorously at the level of a clinical disorder, whether physical, psychiatric, or sleep. While the Edinger et al. criteria seem to be applied in some form by most researchers, there is scope to improve standards and definitions in this area. Ideally, different methods such as sleep diaries and questionnaires would be used concurrently with objective measures to ensure normal sleepers are identified, and descriptive information for control subjects would be reported. Here, we have devised working criteria and methods to be used for assessment of normal sleepers. This would help clarify the nature of the control group, in contrast to insomnia subjects and other patient groups

The Role of Higher Protein Diets in the Regulation of Mood and Sleep in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome is becoming a more prevalent health issue within the United States, currently affecting 22% of adults (Capuron et al., 2008). Several factors contribute to the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome, including obesity, high levels of triglycerides, elevated blood pressure, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Metabolic Syndrome puts those who have it at an increased risk for numerous diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (Jennings et al., 2007). Several studies have shown that Metabolic Syndrome plays a negative role in sleep and mood of those with the disease. Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome often have poor sleep quality, which could contribute to worsening of the risk factors associated with the disease (Hung et. al 2013). Metabolic Syndrome has also been linked to obstructive sleep apnea and is prevalent in those with the disease (Parish et al., 2007). There is also evidence that short sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with obesity, one of the risk factors for Metabolic Syndrome (Jennings et al., 2007)

Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea severity and sleep, depression and anxiety symptoms in newly-diagnosed patients.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs in at least 10% of the population, and leads to higher morbidity and mortality; however, relationships between OSA severity and sleep or psychological symptoms are unclear. Existing studies include samples with wide-ranging comorbidities, so we assessed relationships between severity of OSA and common sleep and psychological disturbances in recently diagnosed OSA patients with minimal co-morbidities. We studied 49 newly diagnosed, untreated OSA patients without major co-morbidities such as mental illness, cardiovascular disease, or stroke; subjects were not using psychoactive medications or tobacco (mean +/- std age: 46.8+/-9.1 years; apnea/hyponea index [AHI]: 32.1+/-20.5 events/hour; female/male: 12/37; weight <125 kg). We evaluated relationships between the AHI and daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale; ESS), sleep quality (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index; PSQI), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI), and anxiety symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory; BAI), as well as sex and body mass index (BMI). AHI was similar in females and males. Mean levels of all symptoms were above normal thresholds, but AHI was not correlated with age, ESS, PSQI, BDI, or BAI; only BMI was correlated with OSA severity. No differences in mean AHI appeared when subjects were grouped by normal versus elevated values of ESS, PSQI, BDI, or BAI. Consistent with other studies, a strong link between OSA severity and psychological symptoms did not appear in these newly diagnosed patients, suggesting that mechanisms additional to the number and frequency of hypoxic events and arousals occurring with apneas contribute to adverse health effects in OSA. OSA patients presenting with mild or moderate severity, and no major co-morbidities will not necessarily have low levels of sleep or psychological disturbances