30,584 research outputs found
Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Chlorella vulgaris Cultivation Medium under Mixotrophic Condition as Feedstock of Biofuel
Indonesia is largest palm oil producer in the world. Increasing of palm oil influence palm oil mill effluent (POME) production. Several researcher reported that POME is a potential medium for microalgae to grow. Microalgae cultivated in mixotrophic condition has received attention as according to higher biomass and lipid productivity to provide biofuel feedstock. The aim of this research is to study growth of Chlorella vulgaris cultured in POME medium using different organic carbon source under mixotrophic condition. Carbon source (glucose, glycerol, and acetic acid) was added in 0-1.2gr/l concentration in 40% and 100% POME. Biomass was harvested using autoflocculation method, and dry biomass was extracted using ultrasound method to obtain lipid content. Our result revealed that C. vulgaris could grow on mixotrophic condition in POME medium and produce higher biomass and lipid content rather than autotrophic condition. Concentration of organic source also influenced in growth rate and biomass production. This provides a promising process to utilize POME and produce biomass as feedstock of biofuel from microalgae.
Keywords: biofuel feedstock; Chlorella vulgaris; Mixotrophic cultivation; POM
Critical parameters in the life cycle inventory of palm oil mill residues composting
Palm oil mill's co-products (empty fruit bunch – EFB and palm oil mill effluent – POME) management is a matter of concern in Indonesia. Co-composting is a promising waste management practice that would allow a reduction of environmental impact and a restitution of organic matter to the soil. This study is a part of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) project and aims to pinpoint the most environmentally impacting compartments of the palm oil production chain. It deals more specifically with the Life Cycle Inventory of data on the composting process based on site specific data. Data on the recycled biomass, energy demand and yielded compost properties were recorded in an industrial palm oil mill over one year. Due to the local conditions, high nutrient leaching from the compost were recorded and the compost remained very wet and hot (thermophilic phase). The composting process only led to 40% of methane avoidance compared to anaerobic digestion of POME, and the global nutrient recovery efficiency was below 50%. We identified the following critical parameters to increase environmental benefits from composting: i) the POME/FFB ratio from the mill ii) the roofing of the composting platform, iii) the POME/EFB ratio, iv) the turning frequency, v) the recycling of leachates and vi) the process duration and drying period. The nutrient recovery and the doses of compost applied in the field depend on all of those inter-connected parameters. The data presented will be used within LCA models to assess net environmental benefits from various POME and EFB co-composting systems
Potential of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as Medium Growth of Chlorella sp for Bioenergy Production
Energy is essential and vital aspect for development in Indonesia. Biodiesel has
received much attention as renewable energy in recent years according to lack of petroleum
energy. One of potential biodiesel is produced from microalgae. Earlier research was
reported that palm oil mill effluent (POME) is potential medium to be used as microalgae
to grow because contain high nutrient source. The objective of the research is to determine
growth rate and biomass productivity in Chlorella sp cultured in POME concentration
using urea as nitrogen source. Chlorella sp was cultured in 20-70% POME using additional
urea with concentration of 0.1 g/L and 1 g/L at a flask disk, pH 6.8-7.2; aerated using
aquarium pump and fluorescence lamp 3000-6000 lux as light source. The biomass
concentration was measured using spectrophotometer Optima Sp-300 OD at 680 nm
wavelength within 15 days cultivation to calculate specific growth rate. At the end of
cultivation, Chlorella sp was filtered and measured as dry weight. Result indicated that
Chlorella sp at 50% POME and 1g/L urea showed a higher specific growth rate
(0.066/day)
A systematic literature review: the effect of date palms (phoenix dactylifera) toward breast cancer MCF-7 cell line.
Breast cancer is most significant diagnosed cancer in women that approximately 2.1 millions women were diagnosed with breast cancer and caused 627,000 deaths worldwide in 2018 based on Press Release 2018 from International Agency for Research on Cancer in World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Phoenix dactylifera or in common name, date palm has become one of the choices to avoid breast cancer. The various types of extract methods on difference parts of P.dactylifera against breast cancer cell line or known as Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) were widely discussed in previous research articles. However, it was lack of systematically review on effect of the parts of P.dactylifera against breast cancer or MCF-7. PRISMA method was applied on Scopus and Science Direct databases and resulted on six parts of the P.dactylifera’s extracts. For future direction, it was encouraged to apply different standard systematic review methods and extra databases
The keys to reduce environmental impacts of palm oil
Oil palm is largely criticised for its impact on the environment. According to Life Cycle Assessment studies, the agricultural stage proved to be a major contributor to most of the potential environmental impacts, notably global warming, eutrophication and acidification. Focusing on global warming impact, main contributors are land use change and peat cultivation, N-related GHG emissions from fertilisers and residues in the plantation and methane emissions from palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. Impact from POME can be drastically reduced if POME is used for composting or if the biogas from anaerobic treatment is captured with electricity recovery. However, the impact from the plantation establishment becomes overwhelming when forests or peatland areas are converted to palm plantations. Oil palm plantations have significantly driven deforestation in Indonesia, together with logging and mining. It remains the most important agricultural driver despite the governmental moratorium and the certification schemes in place since 2011 and 2007; respectively. In order to protect primary forests and peatlands, which is absolutely mandatory to avoid irreversible carbon and biodiversity losses, it is paramount to define a sustainable land planning at national and landscape levels, as well as to implement agroecological practices in the plantations in order to sustainably increase yields and limit further land clearing
Liquid state bioconversion of palm oil mill effluent for cellulase production: statistical optimization of process conditions
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum was used for liquid state bioconversion of POME for cellulase production. Statistical optimization was carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters (factors) for maximum cellulase production by 2-level fractional factorial design with six central points. The polynomial regression model was developed using the experimental data including the effects of linear, quadratic and interaction of the factors. The factors involved were substrate (POME) and co-substrate (wheat flour) concentrations, temperature, pH, inoculum and agitation. Statistical analysis showed that the optimum conditions were: temperature of 300C, substrate concentration of 2%, wheat flour concentration of 3%, pH of 4, inoculum of 3% and agitation of 200 rpm. Under these conditions, the model predicted the enzyme production to be about 14 FPU/ml. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the design showed a high coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.99, thus ensuring a high satisfactory adjustment of the quadratic model with the experimental data
Biocomposting process for utilization agro-industrial wastes
Biological treatment has played prominent roles in bioremediation of wastes and contaminants. Composting is one of the biological process that has been considered to be one of the most suitable ways of converting organic wastes into products that are beneficial for plant growth. The study of the bio-composting process by solid-state bioconversion utilizing palm oil mill effluent (POME) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) were studied in lab scale. From the study it is found that horizontal rotary drum bioreactor was the most suitable to run this study. In this project, four filamentous fungi were used; (i) Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (ii) Trichoderma harzianum. (iii) Aspergillus niger. (iv) Penicillium sp. The bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials by evaluating the C/N ratio and other parameters using horizontal rotary drum bioreactor were studied. The good and mature of the compost is reflected by C/N ratio, germination index and glucosamine assay. The result showed that the C/N ratio drop from days 10 onwards and in the range of 25 to 30. The germination indexes of 50 to 70% indicate that the compost produce was a phyto toxic-free product and merely achieved as mature compost. The composting period required to complete this process was two months. Thus, this study developed an effective and feasible composting technique of POME and EFB using horizontal rotary drum bioreactor by solid state bioconversion process
Changes in chemical properties of an Ultisol as affected by palm oil mill effluent application
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of palm oil mill effluent (POME) application on soil chemical properties. The POME was incorporated into the top 0-30 cm of Batang Merbau soil, an Ultisol. POME was applied at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t ha-1, both in the presence and absence of 2 t ground magnesian limestone (GML). A succeeding crops of maize and groundnut were planted. The results of the experiment showed that POME application up to the rate of 40 t ha-1 did not significantly change the topsoil pH and exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and aluminum (Al). The addition of POME improved the soil fertility, which resulted in an increase of maize yield. The Ca and Mg from the POME accumulated in the topsoil, being held by the negative charge present on the exchange complex. The beneficial effects of POME and/or GML application lasted for about 3 years. The study indicated that application of POME together with GML is a good agronomic option to alleviate soil acidity in Ultisol for maize production
Improvement of the total mass and operating time of Knapsack sprayer to Propel Cart Sprayer (PCS)
There are two types of background of the farmers which are the large scale and small scale of agriculture. Usually, the large scale farmers will use the motorize Knapsack Sprayer while the small scale farmers will use manual-operated Knapsack Sprayer. The motorize Knapsack Sprayer that uses by the large scale of agriculture farmers’ area is to save the cost and time [1]. Unfortunately, both types of Knapsack Sprayer have their own ineffectiveness and risk especially the manual Knapsack Sprayer. The farmers that use the manual Knapsack Sprayer will have to carry the heavy load at their back while spraying the pesticide. These are a very burden to the farmers, especially for the old farmers. The weight of the mixture carried can be up to 17 kilograms depends on the density of the mixture whereas the safe weight lifting legalize by OSHA is 22.68 kilograms which the load almost near to its limit for average man and will affect the body locomotion and bones structure is carried in a long term period [2]. The total sprayed area per full tank is 44.09 meters square. The process of spraying the pesticide will slow down because the farmers have to bring the heavy load
Toxicity and residual activity of spinetoram to neonate larvae of Grapholita molesta (Busck) and Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Semi-field and laboratory trials
Spinetoram is a fermentation insecticide, derived from the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora spinosa. It works by disrupting the GABA-gated chloride channels and by causing persistent activation of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of spinetoram for control of neonate larvae of both oriental fruit moth (OFM) Grapholita molesta (Busck) and codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (L.) in semi-field and laboratory trials. OFM and CM neonate larvae responded similarly to spinetoram, which showed high efficacy on both species. In semi-field experiments, regression analysis of the percentage of damaged fruits as a function of days after treatment showed a better performance of the highest spinetoram dose (10 g a.i./hl) in comparison with the maximum recommended field dose of the reference product emamectin benzoate (2.85 g a.i./hl). Surface-treated diet assays revealed LC50 values of 6.59 and 8.44 ng a.i./cm2 for neonate larvae of OFM and CM larvae, respectively. High percentages of mortality were recorded on both species after 24-h exposure to treated diet. For these reasons spinetoram could be considered a valuable tool in IPM strategies for OFM and CM control
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