MANET Network Management and Performance Monitoring for NHDP and OLSRv2

Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs) are generally thought of as infrastructureless and largely ``un-managed'' network deployments, capable of accommodating highly dynamic network topologies. Yet, while the network infrastructure may be ``un-managed'', monitoring the network performance and setting configuration parameters once deployed, remains important in order to ensure proper ``tuning'' and maintenance of a MANET. This memorandum describes a management framework for the MANET routing protocol OLSRv2, and its constituent protocol NHDP. It does so by presenting considerations for ``what to monitor and manage'' in an OLSRv2 network, and how. The approach developed is based on the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), and thus this paper details the various Management Information Bases (MIBs) for router status monitoring and control -- as well as a novel approach to history-based performance monitoring. While SNMP may not be optimally designed for MANETs, it is chosen due to it being the predominant protocol for IP network management -- and thus, efforts are made in this paper to ``adapt'' the management tools within the SNMP framework for reasonable behavior also in a MANET environment

Comparison of NHDP and MHVB for Neighbor Discovery in Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks

This document compares two protocols, MHVB and NHDP. While both protocols are intended for wireless multi-hop ad hoc networks, they differ fundamentally, both in operation and in purpose: MHVB is a location-based, general-purpose transport protocol for network wide information dissemination, whereas NHDP is a protocol enabling a router to acquire information describing its local network topology up to two hops away. Different as they may seem, these two protocols can, in certain situations, serve the same purpose. For example, MHVB can be employed by an ad hoc routing protocol in place of NHDP, for dissemination of topological information when location information is available. Similarly, NHDP may be used to carry certain location-based information, in place of MHVB. This document examines the viability of NHDP and MHVB for neighborhood discovery, and analyses their performance as such. Aside from the usual set of performance parameters, special interest is accorded to the "freshness" of neighborhood information, obtained through each of the protocols

Performance Analysis of SNMP in OLSRv2-routed MANETs

Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs) are generally thought of as infrastructure-less and largely "un-managed", capable of accommodating highly dynamic network topologies. Yet, while the network may be un-managed, monitoring performance and setting configuration parameters post-deployment, remains important in order to ensure proper ''tuning'' and maintenance of a MANET. While SNMP is sometimes considered too ''heavy'' for MANETs -- a too chatty a protocol with too large protocol messages -- it remains the predominant management and monitoring protocol in the Internet, and many implementations exist. This \articleformat analyzes SNMP in an OLSRv2-routed MANET, with the purpose of investigating performance metrics, such as delivery ratio, delay, management overhead, collisions and performance monitoring accuracy. In order to address concerns both regarding SNMP being "heavy", as well as regarding the accuracy of performance reports obtained via SNMP polling in MANETs, where path delays can be highly variable, the utility of performance reporting proxies, i.e. the REPORT-MIB, is studied. The obtained results show that a significant benefit can be obtained by so deploying performance reporting proxies in an SNMP managed MANET. The investigations are supported by way of network simulations (NS2).Lorsquon parle de réseaux mobiles ad-hoc (MANETs), on pense généralement à des réseaux sans infrastructure et à des déploiements en réseaux largement non-gérés, pouvant s'adapter à des topologies de réseau très changeantes. Néanmoins, bien que l'infrastructure du réseau est de nature non-gérée, la surveillance des performances du réseau et le choix des paramètres de configuration une fois le réseau déployé demeurent primordiaux pour la maintenance et le réglage fin d'un réseau MANET. Alors que SNMP est parfois considéré trop "lourd" pour des MANETs, il demeure le protocole prédominant de management et monitorage d'Internet, et beaucoup implémentations du protocole existent. Ce rapport analyse SNMP dans des MANETs basés sur OLSRv2, avec l'intention de déterminer des métriques de performance, comme le taux de remise, délai, overhead et collisions dans le simulateur de réseaux NS2

Performance Analysis of SNMP in OLSRv2-routed MANETs

Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs) are generally thought of as infrastructure-less and largely "un-managed", capable of accommodating highly dynamic network topologies. Yet, while the network may be un-managed, monitoring performance and setting configuration parameters post-deployment, remains important in order to ensure proper ''tuning'' and maintenance of a MANET. While SNMP is sometimes considered too ''heavy'' for MANETs -- a too chatty a protocol with too large protocol messages -- it remains the predominant management and monitoring protocol in the Internet, and many implementations exist. This \articleformat analyzes SNMP in an OLSRv2-routed MANET, with the purpose of investigating performance metrics, such as delivery ratio, delay, management overhead, collisions and performance monitoring accuracy. In order to address concerns both regarding SNMP being "heavy", as well as regarding the accuracy of performance reports obtained via SNMP polling in MANETs, where path delays can be highly variable, the utility of performance reporting proxies, i.e. the REPORT-MIB, is studied. The obtained results show that a significant benefit can be obtained by so deploying performance reporting proxies in an SNMP managed MANET. The investigations are supported by way of network simulations (NS2).Lorsquon parle de réseaux mobiles ad-hoc (MANETs), on pense généralement à des réseaux sans infrastructure et à des déploiements en réseaux largement non-gérés, pouvant s'adapter à des topologies de réseau très changeantes. Néanmoins, bien que l'infrastructure du réseau est de nature non-gérée, la surveillance des performances du réseau et le choix des paramètres de configuration une fois le réseau déployé demeurent primordiaux pour la maintenance et le réglage fin d'un réseau MANET. Alors que SNMP est parfois considéré trop "lourd" pour des MANETs, il demeure le protocole prédominant de management et monitorage d'Internet, et beaucoup implémentations du protocole existent. Ce rapport analyse SNMP dans des MANETs basés sur OLSRv2, avec l'intention de déterminer des métriques de performance, comme le taux de remise, délai, overhead et collisions dans le simulateur de réseaux NS2

Vulnerability Analysis of the Simple Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

If deployments of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are to become common outside of purely experimental settings, protocols operating such MANETs must be able to preserve network integrity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol(s), managing the connectivity. Understanding how these routing protocols can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. One routing protocol for MANETs, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a multicast routing protocol for efficient data dissemination, is denoted "Simplified Multicast Forwarding" (SMF). This protocol is analyzed, and its vulnerabilities described, in this memorandum. SMF consists of two independent components: (i) duplicate packet detection and (ii) relay set selection, each of which presents its own set of vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit to compromise network integrity. This memorandum explores vulnerabilities in each of these, with the aim of identifying attack vectors and thus enabling development of countermeasures.Afin d'augmenter le nombre de déploiements de réseaux ad hoc dehors des "testbeds" purement expérimentals, des protocoles de routage des réseaux ad hoc doivent être en mesure de préserver l'intégrité du réseau, même lorsqu'ils sont confrontés avec des participants imprudents ou malicieux. Un premier pas vers la protection d'un réseau ad hoc est d'analyser les vulnérabilités du protocole de routage qui gère la connectivité du réseau. En comprenant comment ces protocoles de routage peuvent être exploités par des personnes ayant de mauvaises intentions, des contre-mesures peuvent être développées. Un protocole de routage pour des réseaux ad hoc, développé par l'Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) comme protocole de routage de multicast pour la diffusion efficace des données, est appelé "Simplified Multicast Forwarding" (SMF). Ce protocole est analysé, et ses vulnérabilités décrites dans ce rapport. SMF est constitué de deux composantes indépendantes: (i) la détection des paquets dupliqués et (ii) la sélection des relais, dont chacun présente son propre ensemble de vulnérabilités qu'un attaquant peut exploiter pour compromettre l'intégrité du réseau. Ce rapport explore des vulnérabilités dans chacune des deux composantes, afin d'identifier les vecteurs d'attaque, ainsi de permettre de développer des contre-mesures

Digital Signatures for Admittance Control in the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2

Public community Mobile Ad Hoc NETworks (MANETs), such as the ``Funkfeuer'' or ``Freifunk'' networks, scale up to several hundreds of routers, connecting users with each other, and with the Internet. As MANETs are typically operated over wireless channels (e.g. WiFi), access to these networks is granted to anyone in the radio range of another router in the MANET, and running the same MANET routing protocol. In order to protect the stability of the networks from malicious intruders, it is important to ensure that only trusted peers are admitted to participate in the control message exchange, and to provide means for logically ``disconnecting'' a non-trustworthy peer. This memorandum presents the concept of admittance control for the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), and suggests a security extension based on digital signatures. Due to the flexible message format of OLSRv2, this extension keeps compatibility with the core OLSRv2 specification. Several standard digital signature algorithms (RSA, DSA, ECDSA), as well as HMAC, are compared in terms of message overhead and CPU time for generating and processing signatures

Cross-Layer Service Discovery Mechanism for OLSRv2 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Service discovery plays an important role in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The lack of central infrastructure, limited resources and high mobility make service discovery a challenging issue for this kind of network. This article proposes a new service discovery mechanism for discovering and advertising services integrated into the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2 (OLSRv2). In previous studies, we demonstrated the validity of a similar service discovery mechanism integrated into the previous version of OLSR (OLSRv1). In order to advertise services, we have added a new type-length-value structure (TLV) to the OLSRv2 protocol, called service discovery message (SDM), according to the Generalized MANET Packet/Message Format defined in Request For Comments (RFC) 5444. Each node in the ad hoc network only advertises its own services. The advertisement frequency is a user-configurable parameter, so that it can be modified depending on the user requirements. Each node maintains two service tables, one to store information about its own services and another one to store information about the services it discovers in the network. We present simulation results, that compare our service discovery integrated into OLSRv2 with the one defined for OLSRv1 and with the integration of service discovery in Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol, in terms of service discovery ratio, service latency and network overhead.This work is partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Continuity of Service, Security and QoS for Transportation Systems (CONSEQUENCE) (TEC2010-20572-C02-01/02) and INcident monitoRing In Smart COmmunities (INRISCO) (TEC2014-54335-C4-2-R) projects. We thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments, which helped us to improve our manuscript

Descubrimiento de servicios cross-layer basado en OLSR para redes Manet

El auge que en los últimos años ha tenido el uso de dispositivos móviles, su integración plena en la vida de las personas, así como el desarrollo expansivo de las redes inalámbricas, y en especial de las redes MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network), hace que actualmente sea difícil imaginar un mundo sin dispositivos inteligentes personales que nos acompañen a todas partes como, por ejemplo, los smartphones y wearables. Las redes MANET [Ahvar et al, 2007], [Tyagi et al, 2010] están compuestas por nodos móviles autónomos que se unen voluntariamente formando una red entre ellos. Son redes en las que no existe una infraestructura de red fija y la administración se realiza de forma descentralizada. Esto permite que se cree una red prácticamente de la nada, sin necesidad de intervención humana ni configuraciones previas. Los nodos que integran la red participan en la toma de decisiones, tienen su propio conjunto de protocolos de encaminamiento, en el que toman parte de forma activa y tienen mecanismos de gestión de red y procesos de intercambio de información propios. La disponibilidad de estos nodos es generalmente corta. Son nodos que entran y salen de la red sin previo aviso, con lo que la topología de la red está continuamente cambiando de forma dinámica y aleatoria. La mayoría de estos nodos son dispositivos con limitado poder de procesamiento, limitada capacidad de memoria y baja capacidad de almacenamiento de energía. Que las redes MANET sean capaces de soportar descubrimiento de servicios se antoja indispensable. Debido a la movilidad de estas redes, en cualquier momento puede cambiar la topología y los servicios y recursos que se ofrecen en la red. Los dispositivos deben poder descubrir de forma automática los servicios que están disponibles en la red, así como los nodos que proporcionan estos servicios. En esta tesis doctoral proponemos un nuevo mecanismo de descubrimiento de servicios basado en OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) [Clausen et al, 2003] para redes MANET, que permite que de forma automática un dispositivo o nodo descubra los servicios ofrecidos por otros nodos que lo rodean. SD-OLSR (Service Discovery over OLSR) es un mecanismo que permite anunciar servicios con una sobrecarga introducida en la red pequeña, una tasa de descubrimiento de servicios alta, una tasa baja de falsos descubrimientos y un tiempo en descubrir servicios mínimo. Inicialmente definimos el mecanismo de descubrimiento de servicios sobre la primera versión del protocolo OLSR (OLSRv1). Este mecanismo ofrecía la posibilidad de que un nodo anunciara y preguntara por servicios disponibles en la red. Dadas las características proactivas del protocolo de encaminamiento OLSR vimos que no era necesario inundar la red con mensajes preguntando por servicios que los nodos ya anunciaban periódicamente. Limitar los mensajes sólo al anuncio de servicios hizo que las prestaciones del protocolo mejoraran. En abril de 2014 se estandariza la segunda versión de OLSR, OLSRv2 [Clausen et al, 2014]. Una de las líneas que manteníamos abierta era integrar y optimizar el mecanismo propuesto para OLSRv1, sobre OLSRv2, aprovechando la versatilidad y mejoras realizadas en la segunda versión del protocolo de encaminamiento. Los resultados que hemos obtenido, nos hacen pensar que SD-OLSRv2 puede ser un serio candidato para descubrir servicios en redes MANET con un número de nodos grande. Cuanto más grande es la red, más posibilidades existen de que se pierdan paquetes y en consecuencia de que los mensajes de petición de servicio que envíen los nodos, no obtengan la respuesta con el servicio solicitado. Sin embargo, los nodos en SD-OLSRv2 están continuamente anunciando servicios, con lo que las consecuencias de las posibles pérdidas de paquetes son menores. De hecho, SD-OLSRv2 ofrece una alta tasa de descubrimiento de servicios, superior al 90 %, incluso cuando los nodos se mueven a velocidades altas. La tasa de falsos descubrimientos también es pequeña, menor del 0.5 %. Además, el tiempo que tarda un nodo en descubrir un servicio es casi instantáneo, del orden de decenas de milisegundos. Y todos los nodos tienen un conocimiento global de los servicios que se ofrecen en la red al mismo tiempo.The growth that the use of mobile devices has experienced, its full integration in people's lives, as well as the expansive development of wireless networks, and especially MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) networks, makes it difficult to think of a world without intelligent personal devices coming with us everywhere, as for example smartphones and wearables. MANET networks [Ahvar et al, 2007], [Tyagi et al, 2010] consist of a collection of wireless autonomous mobile nodes that join voluntarily creating a network between them. They are networks with neither fixed infrastructure requirements nor centralized management for their operation. The network nodes work together with minimal central control and human intervention. All of the nodes of these networks behave as routers and take part in discovery and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network. They also have their own network management mechanisms and information exchanging processes. The availability of these nodes is generally short. These nodes are free to move, to join or to leave the network at any time. They move randomly and organize themselves on a random basis. This high mobility of nodes causes the network topology to change in a random and dynamic way. Most of these nodes are devices with a limited processing power, a limited memory capacity and a low capacity of energy storage. MANET networks ability to support service discovery is completely indispensable. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the topology and the services and resources offered in the network may vary. Devices must be able to discover automatically the services that are available on the network as well as the nodes that provide these services. In this doctoral thesis we propose a new service discovery mechanism based on OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing Protocol) [Clausen et al, 2003] for MANET networks which allows any device or node to automatically discover the services offered by other nodes surrounding it. SD-OLSR (Service Discovery over OLSR) is a mechanism that allows to announce services with a small network overhead, a high rate of services discovery, a low rate of false discoveries and a minimum time lapse to discover services. We first define the service discovery mechanism integrated into the first version of the OLSR (OLSRv1) protocol. This mechanism provided the possibility that a node could announce and ask for available services on the network. Given the proactive features of the OLSR proactive protocol, we saw that it was not necessary to flood up the network with messages asking for services the nodes already announced periodically. Limiting these messages only to the announcement of services made the protocol's performance improve. In April 2014 the second version of OLSR is standardized, OLSRv2 [Clausen et al, 2014]. One of the lines we kept open was integrating and optimizing the mechanism integrated into OLSRv1 on OLSRv2, taking advantage of the versatility and improvements achieved in second version of OLSR routing protocol. The results we have achieved make us believe that SD-OLSRv2 may be a serious candidate to discover services in MANET networks with big amount of nodes. The bigger the network, the bigger the chances of losing packages and, consequently, of failing to obtain the service response to the service requested by the nodes. However, the nodes in SD-OLSRv2 are continuously announcing services, therefore the consequences of the possible losses of packages are small. As a matter of fact, SD-OLSRv2 offers a high rate of service discovery, over 90%, even when the nodes are moving at a high speed. The rate of false discoveries is also small, under 0,5%. Besides, a node discovers a given service almost instantaneously, it takes it some tens of milliseconds. And every node has the global knowledge of the services being offered on the network at the same time.Programa Oficial de Posgrado en Ingeniería TelemáticaPresidente: Gabriel Macía Fernández.- Secretario: Carlos García Rubio.- Vocal: Mary Luz Mouronte Lópe

Sensor Integration for Smart Cities Using Multi-Hop Networks

Smart Cities are designed to be living systems and turn urban dwellers life more comfortable and interactive by keeping them aware of what surrounds them, while leaving a greener footprint. The Future Cities Project [1] aims to create infrastructures for research in smart cities including a vehicular network, the BusNet, and an environmental sensor platform, the Urban Sense. Vehicles within the BusNet are equipped with On Board Units (OBUs) that offer free Wi-Fi to passengers and devices near the street. The Urban Sense platform is composed by a set of Data Collection Units (DCUs) that include a set of sensors measuring environmental parameters such as air pollution, meteorology and noise. The Urban Sense platform is expanding and receptive to add new sensors to the platform. The parnership with companies like TNL were made and the need to monitor garbage street containers emerged as air pollution prevention. If refuse collection companies know prior to the refuse collection which route is the best to collect the maximum amount of garbage with the shortest path, they can reduce costs and pollution levels are lower, leaving behind a greener footprint. This dissertation work arises in the need to monitor the garbage street containers and integrate these sensors into an Urban Sense DCU. Due to the remote locations of the garbage street containers, a network extension to the vehicular network had to be created. This dissertation work also focus on the Multi-hop network designed to extend the vehicular network coverage area to the remote garbage street containers. In locations where garbage street containers have access to the vehicular network, Roadside Units (RSUs) or Access Points (APs), the Multi-hop network serves has a redundant path to send the data collected from DCUs to the Urban Sense cloud database. To plan this highly dynamic network, the Wi-Fi Planner Tool was developed. This tool allowed taking measurements on the field that led to an optimized location of the Multi-hop network nodes with the use of radio propagation models. This tool also allowed rendering a temperature-map style overlay for Google Earth [2] application. For the DCU for garbage street containers the parner company provided the access to a HUB (device that communicates with the sensor inside the garbage containers). The Future Cities use the Raspberry pi as a platform for the DCUs. To collect the data from the HUB a RS485 to RS232 converter was used at the physical level and the Modbus protocol at the application level. To determine the location and status of the vehicles whinin the vehicular network a TCP Server was developed. This application was developed for the OBUs providing the vehicle Global Positioning System (GPS) location as well as information of when the vehicle is stopped, moving, on idle or even its slope. To implement the Multi-hop network on the field some scripts were developed such as pingLED and “shark”. These scripts helped upon node deployment on the field as well as to perform all the tests on the network. Two setups were implemented on the field, an urban setup was implemented for a Multi-hop network coverage survey and a sub-urban setup was implemented to test the Multi-hop network routing protocols, Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and Babel