Low energy indoor network : deployment optimisation

This article considers what the minimum energy indoor access point deployment is in order to achieve a certain downlink quality-of-service. The article investigates two conventional multiple-access technologies, namely: LTE-femtocells and 802.11n Wi-Fi. This is done in a dynamic multi-user and multi-cell interference network. Our baseline results are reinforced by novel theoretical expressions. Furthermore, the work underlines the importance of considering optimisation when accounting for the capacity saturation of realistic modulation and coding schemes. The results in this article show that optimising the location of access points both within a building and within the individual rooms is critical to minimise the energy consumption

Self organising cloud cells: a resource efficient network densification strategy

Network densification is envisioned as the key enabler for 2020 vision that requires cellular systems to grow in capacity by hundreds of times to cope with unprecedented traffic growth trends being witnessed since advent of broadband on the move. However, increased energy consumption and complex mobility management associated with network densifications remain as the two main challenges to be addressed before further network densification can be exploited on a wide scale. In the wake of these challenges, this paper proposes and evaluates a novel dense network deployment strategy for increasing the capacity of future cellular systems without sacrificing energy efficiency and compromising mobility performance. Our deployment architecture consists of smart small cells, called cloud nodes, which provide data coverage to individual users on a demand bases while taking into account the spatial and temporal dynamics of user mobility and traffic. The decision to activate the cloud nodes, such that certain performance objectives at system level are targeted, is carried out by the overlaying macrocell based on a fuzzy-logic framework. We also compare the proposed architecture with conventional macrocell only deployment and pure microcell-based dense deployment in terms of blocking probability, handover probability and energy efficiency and discuss and quantify the trade-offs therein

A survey of self organisation in future cellular networks

This article surveys the literature over the period of the last decade on the emerging field of self organisation as applied to wireless cellular communication networks. Self organisation has been extensively studied and applied in adhoc networks, wireless sensor networks and autonomic computer networks; however in the context of wireless cellular networks, this is the first attempt to put in perspective the various efforts in form of a tutorial/survey. We provide a comprehensive survey of the existing literature, projects and standards in self organising cellular networks. Additionally, we also aim to present a clear understanding of this active research area, identifying a clear taxonomy and guidelines for design of self organising mechanisms. We compare strength and weakness of existing solutions and highlight the key research areas for further development. This paper serves as a guide and a starting point for anyone willing to delve into research on self organisation in wireless cellular communication networks

Cost efficient 5G heterogeneous base station deployment using meta-heuristics

This thesis was submitted for the award of Doctor of Philosophy and was awarded by Brunel University LondonOver the last two decades, the telecommunication industry has witnessed sustained growth in the number of mobile user devices driven by the introduction of data services, the take-off of the internet and smart user equipment. This growth, which is forecasted to continue, has continued to push the data transfer capacity requirement on mobile networks and has motivated research into the design of 5th generation (5G) mobile networks. A key concern in the design of 5G is the infrastructure and power consumption cost of the base station network which is expected to be significantly more advanced and dense than that of existing conventional mobile networks. This thesis presents an optimisation framework for the cost efficient design of 5G base station networks, based on the application of meta-heuristic algorithms. The presented optimisation framework is centred on the ability to exploit three key technologies of 5G, a heterogonous base station network with small-cells, multi-antenna spatial multiplexing MIMO and cell range extension. The framework includes mathematical integer programming models for supporting the decisions about the optimal base station topology in a 5G mobile network and provides a clear core for the application of meta-heuristics for optimising 5G base station deployment. The core optimisation framework includes the definition of solution encoding/decoding and fitness mechanisms. To increase power consumption awareness of base station network design, an independent base station deployment strategy has been presented and evaluated. Simulation results show that the strategy can improve base station network design power consumption by as much as 34%. The work in this thesis has been extensively evaluated using a simulated 5G mobile network system model. Evaluations of algorithms have been performed through empirical measurements. The main contribution of this thesis is the definition of a clear framework for application fitness based heuristic search in the design of 5G mobile networks

Energy efficiency in heterogeneous wireless access networks

In this article, we bring forward the important aspect of energy savings in wireless access networks. We specifically focus on the energy saving opportunities in the recently evolving heterogeneous networks (HetNets), both Single- RAT and Multi-RAT. Issues such as sleep/wakeup cycles and interference management are discussed for co-channel Single-RAT HetNets. In addition to that, a simulation based study for LTE macro-femto HetNets is presented, indicating the need for dynamic energy efficient resource management schemes. Multi-RAT HetNets also come with challenges such as network integration, combined resource management and network selection. Along with a discussion on these challenges, we also investigate the performance of the conventional WLAN-first network selection mechanism in terms of energy efficiency (EE) and suggest that EE can be improved by the application of intelligent call admission control policies

Integrated Data and Energy Communication Network: A Comprehensive Survey

OAPA In order to satisfy the power thirsty of communication devices in the imminent 5G era, wireless charging techniques have attracted much attention both from the academic and industrial communities. Although the inductive coupling and magnetic resonance based charging techniques are indeed capable of supplying energy in a wireless manner, they tend to restrict the freedom of movement. By contrast, RF signals are capable of supplying energy over distances, which are gradually inclining closer to our ultimate goal – charging anytime and anywhere. Furthermore, transmitters capable of emitting RF signals have been widely deployed, such as TV towers, cellular base stations and Wi-Fi access points. This communication infrastructure may indeed be employed also for wireless energy transfer (WET). Therefore, no extra investment in dedicated WET infrastructure is required. However, allowing RF signal based WET may impair the wireless information transfer (WIT) operating in the same spectrum. Hence, it is crucial to coordinate and balance WET and WIT for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), which evolves to Integrated Data and Energy communication Networks (IDENs). To this end, a ubiquitous IDEN architecture is introduced by summarising its natural heterogeneity and by synthesising a diverse range of integrated WET and WIT scenarios. Then the inherent relationship between WET and WIT is revealed from an information theoretical perspective, which is followed by the critical appraisal of the hardware enabling techniques extracting energy from RF signals. Furthermore, the transceiver design, resource allocation and user scheduling as well as networking aspects are elaborated on. In a nutshell, this treatise can be used as a handbook for researchers and engineers, who are interested in enriching their knowledge base of IDENs and in putting this vision into practice

On the feasibility of using current data centre infrastructure for latency-sensitive applications

It has been claimed that the deployment of fog and edge computing infrastructure is a necessity to make high-performance cloud-based applications a possibility. However, there are a large number of middle-ground latency-sensitive applications such as online gaming, interactive photo editing and multimedia conferencing that require servers deployed closer to users than in globally centralised clouds but do not necessarily need the extreme low-latency provided by a new infrastructure of micro data centres located at the network edge, e.g., in base stations and ISP Points of Presence. In this paper we analyse a snapshot of today's data centres and the distribution of users around the globe and conclude that existing infrastructure provides a sufficiently distributed platform for middle-ground applications requiring a response time of $20\hbox{-}200$20-200 ms. However, while placement and selection of edge servers for extreme low-latency applications is a relatively straightforward matter of choosing the closest, providing a high quality of experience for middle-ground latency applications that use the more widespread distribution of today's data centres, as we advocate in this paper, raises new management challenges to develop algorithms for optimising the placement of and the per-request selection between replicated service instances

Energy-efficient wireless communication

In this chapter we present an energy-efficient highly adaptive network interface architecture and a novel data link layer protocol for wireless networks that provides Quality of Service (QoS) support for diverse traffic types. Due to the dynamic nature of wireless networks, adaptations in bandwidth scheduling and error control are necessary to achieve energy efficiency and an acceptable quality of service. In our approach we apply adaptability through all layers of the protocol stack, and provide feedback to the applications. In this way the applications can adapt the data streams, and the network protocols can adapt the communication parameters