5 research outputs found

    Optimal Licensing of Uncertain Patents in the Shadow of Litigation

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    The paper investigates the choice of a licensing mechanism by the holder of a patent whose validity may be challenged. Focusing first on weak patents, i.e. patents that have a high probability of being invalidated by a court if challenged, we show that the patent holder finds it optimal to use a per-unit royalty contract if the strategic effect of an increase in a potential licensees unit cost on the equilibrium industry profit is positive. The latter condition ensures the superiority of the per-unit royalty mechanism independently of whether the patent holder is an industry insider or outsider, and is shown to hold in a Cournot (resp. Bertrand) oligopoly with homogeneous (resp. differentiated) products under general assumptions on the demands faced by firms. We then examine the optimal licensing of patents that are uncertain but not necessarily weak. As a byproduct of our analysis, we contribute to the oligopoly literature by offering some new insights of independent interest regarding the effects of cost variations on Cournot and Bertrand equilibria.L'objet de ce travail est d'examiner le choix par le dรฉtenteur d'un brevet incertain d'un mรฉcanisme de licence. Deux cas sont successivement examinรฉs: 1. Le brevet est faible au sens oรน sa validitรฉ serait remise en question avec une probabilitรฉ รฉlevรฉe en cas de contestation. 2. Le brevet est simplement entachรฉ d'incertitude quand ร  sa validitรฉ. Un des rรฉsultats notables du travail est que l'incertitude favorise le recours ร  une licence reposant sur une redevance unitaire plutรดt que sur une redevance forfaitaire. Il en est ainsi lorsque l'effet stratรฉgique d'un accroissement de coรปt d'un licenciรฉ potentiel sur le profit d'รฉquilibre de l'industrie est positif. On montre que cette condition est satisfaite, que le licencieur soit lui mรชme utilisateur ou non de sa technologie, que les utilisateurs potentiels produisent des produits diffรฉrenciรฉs ou non, et enfin quel que soit les modalitรฉs de la concurrence dans l'industrie aval. De plus nos rรฉsultats sont trรจs robustes car ils ne font appel ร  aucune spรฉcification des fonctions de demande. De ce fait, ils constituent รฉgalement une contribution originale aux thรฉories de l'oligopole

    Licensing and Revenue Sharing for Digital Content Co-Production

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    Social media platforms foster creativity by helping creators monetize their content and resolving their disputes with copyright holders. These disputes often occur when content creators use prior work (e.g., musical works, movie or show clips, and video game plays) as baseline materials. We develop a content co-production mechanism for copyright owners to set a revenue-sharing split with content creators. Content creators, aiming for higher ad revenue, can dispute the copyright claim within a specific timeframe. We suggest how the proposed mechanism can help the two sides settle and avoid a trial in court with a sensible revenue-sharing ratio and dispute timeframe. We also show how the share of ad revenue can be made proportional to the contribution of the baseline materials

    Cross-Licensing and Competition

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    We analyze the competitive effects of bilateral cross-licensing agreements in a setting with many competing firms. We show that firms can sustain the monopoly outcome if they can sign unconstrained bilateral cross-licensing contracts. This result is robust to increasing the number of firms who can enter into a cross-licensing agreement. We also investigate the scenario in which a cross-licensing contract cannot involve the payment of a royalty by a licensee who decides ex post not to use the licensed technology. Finally, policy implications regarding the antitrust treatment of cross-licensing agreements are derived

    Cross-Licensing and Competition

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    We study bilateral cross-licensing agreements among N (> 2) competing firms. We find that the fully cooperative royalty, i.e., the one that allows them to achieve the monopoly profit, can be sustained as the outcome of bilaterally efficient agreements, regardless of whether the agreements are public or private and whether firms compete in quantities or prices. We extend this monopolization result to a general class of two-stage games in which firms bilaterally agree in the first stage to make each other payments that depend on their second-stage non-cooperative actions. Policy implications regarding the antitrust treatment of cross-licensing agreements are derived

    ๋ณด์ƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ๋ถ„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต,2020. 2. ๊น€์—ฐ๋ฐฐ.Through two essays, this dissertation examines the implications of the resolution of patent dispute between a patent holder and a firm before and after suing the patent infringement litigation. Many previous studies have focused on patent holders choice in the analysis. In particular, most previous research on patent licenses and litigations set the decision-maker as patent holders. These studies have discussed the optimal process to maximize the profit of a patent holder on licenses and litigations when a firm demands patent license from him. However, in the real business environment, many patent holders, such as NPEs for the purpose of earning royalties, offer a license to a firm, and the firm decides whether or not to accept this offer. Therefore, the present study focused on the firm's choice of the patent license offer by the patentee in the license-litigation game between the patent holder and the firm. In this situation, the uncertainty of patent rights (patent validity) becomes a very important variable. In addition, this dissertation tries to reflex the complex proceedings of the patent infringement litigation. The first essay compares a firms selection whether or not accept the license offer of patent holder through the license-litigation game theory, under the introduction of willful infringement in an environment where the uncertainty of patent rights has not been resolved. In particular, the mixture of asymmetric information model and common information model according to the stage of litigation is introduced on information sharing. The patentee is an outsider of the industry. In order to determine whether or not to accept a license, the firm should sequentially determine the possibility of willful infringement based on the likelihood of the patent holder winning the patent infringement litigation and the intention of the actual infringement from the information obtained during the license negotiation process. The results show that if there is a possibility of willful infringement, the risk on the litigation recognized by the firm increases, so that event the weak patent can be licensed. This could lead to worsening of consumer welfare due to a decrease of product quantity. The second essay empirically analyzes the factors influencing both parties' choice to settle during the infringement litigation. With reference to the first essay model, we add variables to compare patent strategies of both parties, focusing on explanatory variables such as litigation cost and validity of patents. Furthermore, we investigate the patent strategies on the result of litigation. The empirical analysis is conducted with two models. First, using a probit model, we estimate the variables related to the litigation cost and expectation of litigation result. Furthermore, through panel FGLS analysis, the hypothesis for the patent strategies is estimated from the defendants point of view. The results of the estimates show that, in both models, the choice of settlement and judgment is affected by the cost of litigation and patent validity. According to the results of the probit model, the cost of litigation and patent validity affect the choice of settlement and judgment. In particular, the inclusion of reexamination patents, which can immediately verify the validity of patents after a lawsuit, has a positive effect on settlement, while the Markman Hearing process, which can remove the uncertainty of patent rights after the proceedings have been made to some extent, has a negative impact. In the analysis using panel data, variables related to strategies such as NPE, patents related to IT technologies, and simultaneous complaints were also found to be significant. Although high cost is required, the patent infringement litigation is not only a remedy for the infringement on the patent holder's rights, but also a process of providing legal stability by resolving, to some extent, the uncertainty of patent rights by legal judgment. The results show that if the patent validity is confirmed, licenses may be more advantageous in reducing social costs then litigation, but excessive suppression of patent infringement litigation may be avoided under the conditions of high uncertainty of patent right due to the poor registration process. The results of the present study are meaningful in that we explore the factors that can have a positive or negative effect on the filing and judgment of patent infringement litigation through the game theory and perform the empirical analysis from the viewpoint of legal economics.๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์—์„ธ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์†Œ์†ก ์ „ํ›„ ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค-์†Œ์†ก ์„ ํƒ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๋ฐ ์†Œ์†ก ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธˆ์ „์  ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์„ ํƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์†ก ๋Œ€์‘์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค-์†Œ์†ก ๊ฒŒ์ž„์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ ์ฆ‰ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ๋ฌดํšจ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํšจํ•จ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์™€ ์†Œ์†ก ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋ฌดํšจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—์„ธ์ด๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ณ ์˜์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์˜ ๋„์ž… ์‹œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ œ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค-์†Œ์†ก ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์†Œ์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ ๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ๋ชจํ˜•(Asymmetric Information Model)๊ณผ ์™„์ „์ •๋ณด๋ชจํ˜•(Common Information Model)์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ข…์—…๊ณ„ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ˆ˜๋ฝ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํš๋“ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์นจํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ์Šน์†Œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์นจํ•ด์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ๊ณ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์˜์นจํ•ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์˜์นจํ•ด ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์†Œ์†ก ๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŠนํ—ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ๊ณ„์•ฝ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ ์†Œ๋น„์žํ›„์ƒ์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—์„ธ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ํ›„ ์–‘ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—์„ธ์ด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒ ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜•(Probit Model)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜• ์ถ”์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ ๋ฐ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•ด ๋˜๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์ •๋„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํŒจ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ”ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒจ๋„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋œ ์ตœ์†Œ์ž์Šน๋ฒ•(Feasible Generalized Least Squares, FGLS) ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ํ™”ํ•ด์˜ ์„ ํƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์†Œ์†ก ์งํ›„ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ํŠนํ—ˆ์˜ ํฌํ•จ์€ ํ™”ํ•ด์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„, ์†Œ์†ก์ด ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๋‚œ ์ดํ›„ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆํฌ๋งŒํžˆ์–ด๋ง(Markman Hearing) ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„์—์„œ ํŠนํ—ˆ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ™”ํ•ด ์ •๋„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋ฌธํšŒ์‚ฌ(Non-Practicing Entity, NPE)๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก, ๋™์‹œ์ œ์†Œ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹  ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠนํ—ˆ ์†Œ์†ก, ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ „๋ฌธํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„๊ธฐ์—…์„ ์ œ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋“ฑ์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์†Œ์†ก์€ ๋ณธ์—ฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ธ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์นจํ•ด์˜ ๊ตฌ์ œ ๊ณผ์ •์ผ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฒ•์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ด๋ณด๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ์†ก๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ์ ˆ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋“ฑ๋ก ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์†Œ์†ก ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์–ต์ œ๋Š” ์ง€์–‘ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ์™€ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์— ๊ธ์ •์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ดˆ๋ก 1 ์ œ1์žฅ. ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 10 ์ œ2์žฅ. ๊ณ ์˜์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ „๋žต 14 1. ์„œ๋ก  15 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 18 2.1 ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 2.2 ๊ณ ์˜ ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ 26 2.3 ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŠนํ—ˆ 28 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 32 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 32 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 33 4. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 46 4.1 ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ›„์ƒ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 46 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  53 ์ œ3์žฅ. ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด์†Œ์†ก ์ค‘ ํ™”ํ•ด์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 57 1. ์„œ๋ก  58 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 62 2.1 ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 62 2.2 ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํŠนํ—ˆ์นจํ•ด ์†Œ์†ก ๊ฐœ์š” 67 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ค๊ณ„ 77 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 77 3.2 ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ค์ • 81 3.3 ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์„ค์ • 91 4. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 101 4.1 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 101 4.2 ํ”„๋กœ๋น— ๋ชจํ˜•_์†Œ์†ก๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ์†Œ์†ก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ฑ 108 4.3ํŒจ๋„๋ถ„์„_ํŠนํ—ˆ์ „๋žต 116 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  124 ์ œ4์žฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  127 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  128 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 137Docto
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