Representação da informação incerta por meio de ontologias: um framework para smart homes

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, Florianópolis, 2019.Nas smart homes e outros cenários da Internet das Coisas (IoT), muitas vezes, as informações coletadas estão sujeitas a interferências externas. Além disso, pode ser necessário representar situações nas quais não é possível se obter informações completas ou precisas sobre determinado fenômeno, gerando a necessidade de se lidar com a informação incerta. As ontologias apresentam um formato amplamente utilizado para a representação das informações coletadas nas smart homes. Sendo assim, atualmente existem várias abordagens não padronizadas na literatura baseadas em ontologias para a representação da informação incerta, ou ontologias incertas . Diante desse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor um framework para ser utilizado como ferramenta de referência no processo de seleção de ontologias incertas para cenários de smart homes. Para isso, foram identificadas ontologias incertas para smart homes por meio de uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura (RSL) e foram realizadas pesquisas nos anais do International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW). O framework proposto é composto por dois artefatos gerados a partir de informações extraídas das ontologias incertas identificadas: a) questionário para auxiliar na identificação das necessidades de representação da informação incerta; e b) quadro de referência para ser consultado durante a seleção de uma ontologia incerta de acordo com as necessidades de representação da informação incerta. Ao todo, foram identificados 16 trabalhos que propõem ontologias incertas. Com base nestes trabalhos, elaborou-se o questionário com seis questões e diferentes opções de respostas que remetem as ontologias incertas. O quadro de referência foi elaborado contendo os 16 trabalhos identificados e as características das ontologias incertas propostas por cada trabalho. O framework foi aplicado em nove cenários de smart homes que utilizam ontologias, mas não representam a informação incerta, de modo a exemplificar o papel do framework como ferramenta de referência. Como resultado de sua aplicação, para cada cenário, exceto um, identificou-se uma ou mais opções de ontologias incertas. Isto indica que as ontologias incertas disponíveis cobrem grande parte das necessidades de representação atualmente, mas não completamente. Espera-se que o framework proposto possa ser utilizado como referência para facilitar o acesso e uso das ontologias incertas pelos profissionais interessados na construção de ontologias. Finalmente, espera-se gerar oportunidades para que sejam desenvolvidas aplicações que elevem a qualidade e capacidade dos cenários de smart homes tendo em vista principalmente as necessidades e bem-estar das pessoas.Abstract : In smart homes and other Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios, often information collected is subject to external interference. Moreover, it may be necessary to represent situations in which it is not possible to obtain complete or accurate information about a specific phenomenon, causing the need to deal with uncertain information. Ontologies provides a widespread format for representing information collected in smart homes. This way, nowadays there are many non-standard ontology-based approaches in literature focused in the task of uncertain information representation, or \"uncertain ontologies\". Given this context, the objective of this work is to propose a framework to be used as a reference tool in the process of selecting uncertain ontologies for smart home scenarios. For this purpose, uncertain ontologies for smart homes and other IoT scenarios are identified by means of a Systematic Review of Literature (RSL) and by research in proceedings from International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web (URSW). The proposed framework is composed by two artifacts generated from information extracted from identified uncertain ontologies: a) a survey to assist in identifying the needs for representing uncertain information; and b) a reference table which can be used for selection of uncertain ontologies according to the representation needs. Altogether, 16 uncertain ontologies proposals have been identified. Based on these proposals, the questionnaire was elaborated with six questions and different options of answers referring to uncertain ontologies. The reference table was built containing the 16 ontologies proposals and its specific features. The framework was applied in nine scenarios of smart homes which use ontologies, but do not represent the uncertain information, in order to exemplify the role of the framework as a reference tool. As a result of its application one or more uncertain ontologies options were identified for most of the work. This indicates that the available uncertain ontologies cover most of the representation needs currently, but not all. It is expected that the proposed framework will be used as a reference to ease the access and use of uncertain ontologies by professionals interested in the creation of ontologies. Finally, it is expected to generate opportunities to develop applications which raise the quality and capacity of smart home scenarios especially in view of the needs and well-being of people

General ontology for internet of things (goiot) to achieve semantic interoperability using sensor, observation, sample and actuator (sosa) approach

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are increasing day by day, thus a common vocabulary is required to make sure these devices from a different manufacturer can communicate with each other by themselves known as semantic interoperability. Ontology is required to solve the semantic interoperability problem of the IoT. Ontology provides a base to represent objects in a specific domain. Classes, Instances, and Relationships are the components required to built ontology. Problems with existing IoT ontologies are as follows: (i) Incomplete IoT Concepts; (ii) Most of the Existing IoT ontologies did not includes all critical elements of IoT; (iii) The existing ontologies are not built on the latest ontology language standard recommended by W3C which is Web Ontology Language (OWL); (iv) The IoT ontologies in literature did not follow any Evaluation Measurement such as Reasoner. The objective of this research is to study the existing literature about IoT and Ontology and their relationship. Then to develop and evaluate GoIoT by using Protégé and pallet reasoner respectively. The methodology is divided into three portions which are Analysis, Development and Implementation, and Evaluation and Measurements. In the analysis part, basic concepts of IoT and Ontology are discussed. In Development and Implementation, SOSA is adopted to create a new ontology, namely GoIoT. It talks about the existing reused IoT concept and how new IoT concepts are further integrated. Further, it discusses which language and tools are used to build this ontology. The newly constructed GoIoT is evaluated via semantic reasoner and experts. The reasoner results showed zero error in GoIoT ontology which simply means that no issue is found among ontology components. Five (5) experts have also evaluated ontology in terms of nine (9) evaluation criteria. The mean value of five (5) expert combine is 83.059 % and this value shows that the Ontology developed can be accepted as Ontology that represent General Ontology for IOT

Applications of ontology in the internet of things: A systematic analysis

Ontology has been increasingly implemented to facilitate the Internet of Things (IoT) activities, such as tracking and information discovery, storage, information exchange, and object addressing. However, a complete understanding of using ontology in the IoT mechanism remains lacking. The main goal of this research is to recognize the use of ontology in the IoT process and investigate the services of ontology in IoT activities. A systematic literature review (SLR) is conducted using predefined protocols to analyze the literature about the usage of ontologies in IoT. The following conclusions are obtained from the SLR. (1) Primary studies (i.e., selected 115 articles) have addressed the need to use ontologies in IoT for industries and the academe, especially to minimize interoperability and integration of IoT devices. (2) About 31.30% of extant literature discussed ontology development concerning the IoT interoperability issue, while IoT privacy and integration issues are partially discussed in the literature. (3) IoT styles of modeling ontologies are diverse, whereas 35.65% of total studies adopted the OWL style. (4) The 32 articles (i.e., 27.83% of the total studies) reused IoT ontologies to handle diverse IoT methodologies. (5) A total of 45 IoT ontologies are well acknowledged, but the IoT community has widely utilized none. An in-depth analysis of different IoT ontologies suggests that the existing ontologies are beneficial in designing new IoT ontology or achieving three main requirements of the IoT field: interoperability, integration, and privacy. This SLR is finalized by identifying numerous validity threats and future directions