5,579 research outputs found
Deep Learning Techniques for Music Generation -- A Survey
This paper is a survey and an analysis of different ways of using deep
learning (deep artificial neural networks) to generate musical content. We
propose a methodology based on five dimensions for our analysis:
Objective - What musical content is to be generated? Examples are: melody,
polyphony, accompaniment or counterpoint. - For what destination and for what
use? To be performed by a human(s) (in the case of a musical score), or by a
machine (in the case of an audio file).
Representation - What are the concepts to be manipulated? Examples are:
waveform, spectrogram, note, chord, meter and beat. - What format is to be
used? Examples are: MIDI, piano roll or text. - How will the representation be
encoded? Examples are: scalar, one-hot or many-hot.
Architecture - What type(s) of deep neural network is (are) to be used?
Examples are: feedforward network, recurrent network, autoencoder or generative
adversarial networks.
Challenge - What are the limitations and open challenges? Examples are:
variability, interactivity and creativity.
Strategy - How do we model and control the process of generation? Examples
are: single-step feedforward, iterative feedforward, sampling or input
manipulation.
For each dimension, we conduct a comparative analysis of various models and
techniques and we propose some tentative multidimensional typology. This
typology is bottom-up, based on the analysis of many existing deep-learning
based systems for music generation selected from the relevant literature. These
systems are described and are used to exemplify the various choices of
objective, representation, architecture, challenge and strategy. The last
section includes some discussion and some prospects.Comment: 209 pages. This paper is a simplified version of the book: J.-P.
Briot, G. Hadjeres and F.-D. Pachet, Deep Learning Techniques for Music
Generation, Computational Synthesis and Creative Systems, Springer, 201
MIDI-VAE: Modeling Dynamics and Instrumentation of Music with Applications to Style Transfer
We introduce MIDI-VAE, a neural network model based on Variational
Autoencoders that is capable of handling polyphonic music with multiple
instrument tracks, as well as modeling the dynamics of music by incorporating
note durations and velocities. We show that MIDI-VAE can perform style transfer
on symbolic music by automatically changing pitches, dynamics and instruments
of a music piece from, e.g., a Classical to a Jazz style. We evaluate the
efficacy of the style transfer by training separate style validation
classifiers. Our model can also interpolate between short pieces of music,
produce medleys and create mixtures of entire songs. The interpolations
smoothly change pitches, dynamics and instrumentation to create a harmonic
bridge between two music pieces. To the best of our knowledge, this work
represents the first successful attempt at applying neural style transfer to
complete musical compositions.Comment: Paper accepted at the 19th International Society for Music
Information Retrieval Conference, ISMIR 2018, Paris, Franc
On the Inability of Markov Models to Capture Criticality in Human Mobility
We examine the non-Markovian nature of human mobility by exposing the
inability of Markov models to capture criticality in human mobility. In
particular, the assumed Markovian nature of mobility was used to establish a
theoretical upper bound on the predictability of human mobility (expressed as a
minimum error probability limit), based on temporally correlated entropy. Since
its inception, this bound has been widely used and empirically validated using
Markov chains. We show that recurrent-neural architectures can achieve
significantly higher predictability, surpassing this widely used upper bound.
In order to explain this anomaly, we shed light on several underlying
assumptions in previous research works that has resulted in this bias. By
evaluating the mobility predictability on real-world datasets, we show that
human mobility exhibits scale-invariant long-range correlations, bearing
similarity to a power-law decay. This is in contrast to the initial assumption
that human mobility follows an exponential decay. This assumption of
exponential decay coupled with Lempel-Ziv compression in computing Fano's
inequality has led to an inaccurate estimation of the predictability upper
bound. We show that this approach inflates the entropy, consequently lowering
the upper bound on human mobility predictability. We finally highlight that
this approach tends to overlook long-range correlations in human mobility. This
explains why recurrent-neural architectures that are designed to handle
long-range structural correlations surpass the previously computed upper bound
on mobility predictability
High-dimensional sequence transduction
We investigate the problem of transforming an input sequence into a
high-dimensional output sequence in order to transcribe polyphonic audio music
into symbolic notation. We introduce a probabilistic model based on a recurrent
neural network that is able to learn realistic output distributions given the
input and we devise an efficient algorithm to search for the global mode of
that distribution. The resulting method produces musically plausible
transcriptions even under high levels of noise and drastically outperforms
previous state-of-the-art approaches on five datasets of synthesized sounds and
real recordings, approximately halving the test error rate
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