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    ๊ธˆ์†์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋…ธ์ด์ฆˆ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์‘์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 2. ๊น€์žฌ์ค€.In the current pyramid-like structures memory hierarchy, it consists of, from top to bottom, a processing core, cache memory by static random access memory (SRAM), main memory by dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and storage memory by solid-state disk (SSD), or hard disk drive (HDD). In general, the closer to the processing core, the more high-speed operation is required, whereas the farther away from the core, the higher storage capacity is demanded. Consequently, the performance gap between DRAM and NAND Flash memory, which are currently major memory technologies, is continuously increasing. However, the need for new memory technology is increasing in order to solve the problem of data processing speed due to the explosive increase in the amount of data and the physical limitation of the existing memory technologies that has been raised for a long time. In addition, research and development on the storage class memory (SCM) technology is in progress as method of implementing In-Memory Process, a concept to solve the problem of Von Neumann architecture in various research groups. Among the candidates on the SCM, which satisfies both the high speed of DRAM and the density of NAND Flash, the resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) has been widely investigated as a leading candidate for next generation nonvolatile memory applications due to RRAMs advantageous features such as simple structure, low cost, high density, fast operation, and CMOS compatibility. However, the reliability issues which PCM suffered from is also being reproduced in RRAM. RRAMs various issues such as endurance, retention, and uniformity stem from intrinsic variability because resistive switching mechanism of RRAM itself is fundamentally stochastic. The main content of this dissertation is to develop a new electrical analysis technique to improve the reliability of RRAM. First, the elementary low frequency noise (LFN) characteristics of various RRAM devices were analyzed, and the correlation between LFN characteristics and the conduction/resistive switching mechanisms was experimentally verified. Also, it was suggested that the LFN measurement can be an additional analysis technique for devices degradation mechanism and multi-level cell (MLC) operation. Finally, from the random telegraph noise (RTN) measurement, we conducted a study to extract the position and energy of traps that can cause cells failure. The experiment on the extraction of traps physical information using the RTN measurement was conducted for the first in this study, and then research findings provided researchers with guidelines for the RTN analysis of RRAM.ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ„์ธต๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด CPU๋Š” ๊ณ ์† ๋™์ž‘์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์™ธ๋ถ€๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ DRAM๊ณผ NAND Flash ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์–‘์˜ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์†๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ ๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ํฐ๋…ธ์ด๋งŒ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ In-Memory Process๋ฅผ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ DRAM์˜ high speed, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  NAND Flash์˜ high density ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” SCM (storage class memory)๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. SCM ํ›„๋ณด๊ตฐ ์ค‘์—์„œ, ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์ž์ธ RRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory)์€ MIM, cross-point ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต์ • ์ƒ ์ง‘์ ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด CMOS๊ณต์ •๊ณผ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด Flash ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์•ž์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ PCM (Phase change RAM)์ด ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ RRAM์—์„œ๋„ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. RRAM์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” RRAM์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณธ์งˆ์  ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ RRAM์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” RRAM์†Œ์ž์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์žก์Œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ „๋„ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์žก์Œ ์ด๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†Œ์ž์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์žก์Œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด RRAM์˜ ๋™์ž‘ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์—ดํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋ฐ MLC (Multi-Level Cell) ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์žก์Œ ์ธก์ •์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์ด๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์†Œ์ž์˜ ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์žก์Œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ RTN (Random Telegraph Noise)ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์…€์˜ fail ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” trap์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ๋ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RRAM์˜ trap์ •๋ณด ์ถ”์ถœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์ดํ›„ RRAM์˜ RTN๋ถ„์„์— ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter1 Introduction 1 1.1 Memory trends 1 1.1.1 Memory wall 1 1.1.2 In-memory processing 3 1.2 SCM technologies 4 1.2.1 Phase change memory 4 1.2.2 Magnetic memory 6 1.2.3 Ferroelectric memory 7 1.2.4 Resistive memory 8 1.3 Thesis content overview 12 1.3.1 Thesis objectives 12 1.3.2 Thesis outline 13 Chapter2 Overview on conduction mechanisms 14 2.1 Electrode-limited conduction mechanisms 14 2.1.1 Schottky emission 15 2.1.2 Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) and direct tunneling 17 2.2 Bulk-limited conduction mechanisms 18 2.2.1 Poole-Frenkel (P-F) emission 18 2.2.2 Ohmic conduction 19 2.2.3 Space charge limited conduction (SCLC) 20 Chapter3 LFN applications for RRAM analysis 23 3.1 Introduction to 1/f 23 3.2 LFN application (1): Resistive switching analysis 26 3.3 LFN application (2): MLC analysis 30 3.4 LFN application (3): Degradation analysis 35 Chapter4 Analysis of conduction mechanism using LFN 39 4.1 Thermochemical mechanism RRAM 39 4.1.1 Fabrication 39 4.1.2 Experimental results: RS and I-V characteristics 40 4.1.3 Experimental results: LFN characteristics 46 4.2 Valence change mechanism RRAM 50 4.2.1 Fabrication 50 4.2.2 Experimental results: RS and I-V characteristics 52 4.2.3 Experimental results: LFN characteristics 55 4.3 Comparative analysis of conduction mechanism 58 4.3.1 Fabrication 58 4.3.2 Experimental results: RS and I-V characteristics 61 4.3.3 Experimental results: LFN characteristics 63 Chapter5 Random telegraph noise (RTN) in RRAM 67 5.1 Introduction to RTN 67 5.2 RTN in RRAM 69 5.2.1 Methodology for extracting trap information 69 5.2.2 Experimental results 73 Chapter6 78 Conclusions 78๋ฐ•
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