Modeling for Control of Symmetric Aerial Vehicles Subjected to Aerodynamic Forces

This paper participates in the development of a unified approach to the control of aerial vehicles with extended flight envelopes. More precisely, modeling for control purposes of a class of thrust-propelled aerial vehicles subjected to lift and drag aerodynamic forces is addressed assuming a rotational symmetry of the vehicle's shape about the thrust force axis. A condition upon aerodynamic characteristics that allows one to recast the control problem into the simpler case of a spherical vehicle is pointed out. Beside showing how to adapt nonlinear controllers developed for this latter case, the paper extends a previous work by the authors in two directions. First, the 3D case is addressed whereas only motions in a single vertical plane was considered. Secondly, the family of models of aerodynamic forces for which the aforementioned transformation holds is enlarged.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Effect of rotor tilt on the gust rejection properties of multirotor aircraft

In order to operate safely in windy and gusty conditions, multirotor VTOL aircraft require gust resilience. This paper shows that their gust rejection properties can be improved by applying a small amount of fixed outward rotor tilt. Standard aerodynamic models of the rotors are incorporated into two dynamic models to assess the gust rejection properties. The first case is a conceptual birotor planar VTOL aircraft. The dependence of the trim and stability on the tilt angle are analyzed. The aircraft is stabilized using a pole-placement approach in order to obtain consistent closed-loop station-keeping performance in still air. The effect of gusts on the resulting response is determined by simulation. The second case study is for a quadrotor with a 10∘" role="presentation" style="max-height: none; display: inline; line-height: normal; word-spacing: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; white-space: nowrap; float: none; direction: ltr; max-width: none; min-width: 0px; min-height: 0px; border-width: 0px; border-style: initial; position: relative;">10∘ outward rotor tilt. The aerodynamic coefficients are analyzed for trimmed station-keeping over a range of steady wind speeds. An LQR controller is used to apply station-keeping that includes integral action, and the gust responses are again obtained using simulation. The results show that the outward rotor tilt causes the aircraft to pitch down into a lateral gust, providing lateral force that opposes the gust and so significantly improving the gust rejection properties

Nonlinear control of aerial vehicles subjected to aerodynamic forces

International audienceThe paper contributes towards the development of a unified control approach for longitudinal aircraft dynamics. It states conditions that allow to adapt the control strategies developed for orientation-independent external forces to the orientation-dependent case. The control strategy presented here is a step to the automatic monitoring of the flight transitions between hovering and cruising for convertible aerial vehicles

Differential Flatness of Lifting-Wing Quadcopters Subject to Drag and Lift for Accurate Tracking

In this paper, we propose an effective unified control law for accurately tracking agile trajectories for lifting-wing quadcopters with different installation angles, which have the capability of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) as well as high-speed cruise flight. First, we derive a differential flatness transform for the lifting-wing dynamics with a nonlinear model under coordinated turn condition. To increase the tracking performance on agile trajectories, the proposed controller incorporates the state and input variables calculated from differential flatness as feedforward. In particular, the jerk, the 3-order derivative of the trajectory, is converted into angular velocity as a feedforward item, which significantly improves the system bandwidth. At the same time, feedback and feedforward outputs are combined to deal with external disturbances and model mismatch. The control algorithm has been thoroughly evaluated in the outdoor flight tests, which show that it can achieve accurate trajectory tracking

Trajectory Generation and Tracking Control for Aggressive Tail-Sitter Flights

We address the theoretical and practical problems related to the trajectory generation and tracking control of tail-sitter UAVs. Theoretically, we focus on the differential flatness property with full exploitation of actual UAV aerodynamic models, which lays a foundation for generating dynamically feasible trajectory and achieving high-performance tracking control. We have found that a tail-sitter is differentially flat with accurate aerodynamic models within the entire flight envelope, by specifying coordinate flight condition and choosing the vehicle position as the flat output. This fundamental property allows us to fully exploit the high-fidelity aerodynamic models in the trajectory planning and tracking control to achieve accurate tail-sitter flights. Particularly, an optimization-based trajectory planner for tail-sitters is proposed to design high-quality, smooth trajectories with consideration of kinodynamic constraints, singularity-free constraints and actuator saturation. The planned trajectory of flat output is transformed to state trajectory in real-time with consideration of wind in environments. To track the state trajectory, a global, singularity-free, and minimally-parameterized on-manifold MPC is developed, which fully leverages the accurate aerodynamic model to achieve high-accuracy trajectory tracking within the whole flight envelope. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through extensive real-world experiments in both indoor and outdoor field tests, including agile SE(3) flight through consecutive narrow windows requiring specific attitude and with speed up to 10m/s, typical tail-sitter maneuvers (transition, level flight and loiter) with speed up to 20m/s, and extremely aggressive aerobatic maneuvers (Wingover, Loop, Vertical Eight and Cuban Eight) with acceleration up to 2.5g

Models, algorithms and architectures for cooperative manipulation with aerial and ground robots

Les dernières années ont vu le développement de recherches portant sur l'interaction physique entre les robots aériens et leur environnement, accompagné de l'apparition de nombreux nouveaux systèmes mécaniques et approches de régulation. La communauté centrée autour de la robotique aérienne observe actuellement un déplacement de paradigmes des approches classiques de guidage, de navigation et de régulation vers des tâches moins triviales, telle le développement de l'interaction physique entre robots aériens et leur environnement. Ceci correspond à une extension des tâches dites de manipulation, du sol vers les airs. Cette thèse contribue au domaine de la manipulation aérienne en proposant un nouveau concept appelé MAGMaS, pour " Multiple Aerial Ground Manipulator System ". Les motivations qui ont conduites à l'association de manipulateurs terrestres et aériens pour effectuer des tâches de manipulation coopérative, résident dans une volonté d'exploiter leurs particularités respectives. Les manipulateurs terrestres apportant leur importante force et les manipulateurs aériens apportant leur vaste espace de travail. La première contribution de cette thèse présente une modélisation rigoureuse des MAGMaS. Les propriétés du système ainsi que ses possibles extensions sont discutées. Les méthodes de planning, d'estimation et de régulation nécessaire à l'exploitation des MAGMaS pour des tâches de manipulation collaborative sont dérivées. Ce travail propose d'exploiter les redondances des MAGMaS grâce à un algorithme optimal d'allocation de forces entre les manipulateurs. De plus, une méthode générale d'estimation de forces pour robots aériens est introduite. Toutes les techniques et les algorithmes présentés dans cette thèse sont intégrés dans une architecture globale, utilisée à la fois pour la simulation et la validation expérimentale. Cette architecture est en outre augmentée par l'addition d'une structure de télé-présence, afin de permettre l'opération à distances des MAGMaS. L'architecture générale est validée par une démonstration de levage de barre, qui est une application représentative des potentiels usages des MAGMaS. Une autre contribution relative au développement des MAGMaS consiste en une étude exploratoire de la flexibilité dans les objets manipulés par un MAGMaS. Un modèle du phénomène vibratoire est dérivé afin de mettre en exergue ses propriétés en termes de contrôle. La dernière contribution de cette thèse consiste en une étude exploratoire sur l'usage des actionneurs à raideur variable dans les robots aériens, dotant ces systèmes d'une compliance mécanique intrinsèque et de capacité de stockage d'énergie. Les fondements théoriques sont associés à la synthèse d'un contrôleur non-linéaire. L'approche proposée est validée par le biais d'expériences reposant sur l'intégration d'un actionneur à raideur variable léger sur un robot aérien.In recent years, the subject of physical interaction for aerial robots has been a popular research area with many new mechanical designs and control approaches being proposed. The aerial robotics community is currently observing a paradigm shift from classic guidance, navigation, and control tasks towards more unusual tasks, for example requesting aerial robots to physically interact with the environment, thus extending the manipulation task from the ground into the air. This thesis contributes to the field of aerial manipulation by proposing a novel concept known has Multiple Aerial-Ground Manipulator System or MAGMaS, including what appears to be the first experimental demonstration of a MAGMaS and opening a new route of research. The motivation behind associating ground and aerial robots for cooperative manipulation is to leverage their respective particularities, ground robots bring strength while aerial robots widen the workspace of the system. The first contribution of this work introduces a meticulous system model for MAGMaS. The system model's properties and potential extensions are discussed in this work. The planning, estimation and control methods which are necessary to exploit MAGMaS in a cooperative manipulation tasks are derived. This works proposes an optimal control allocation scheme to exploit the MAGMaS redundancies and a general model-based force estimation method is presented. All of the proposed techniques reported in this thesis are integrated in a global architecture used for simulations and experimental validation. This architecture is extended by the addition of a tele-presence framework to allow remote operations of MAGMaS. The global architecture is validated by robust demonstrations of bar lifting, an application that gives an outlook of the prospective use of the proposed concept of MAGMaS. Another contribution in the development of MAGMaS consists of an exploratory study on the flexibility of manipulated loads. A vibration model is derived and exploited to showcase vibration properties in terms of control. The last contribution of this thesis consists of an exploratory study on the use of elastic joints in aerial robots, endowing these systems with mechanical compliance and energy storage capabilities. Theoretical groundings are associated with a nonlinear controller synthesis. The proposed approach is validated by experimental work which relies on the integration of a lightweight variable stiffness actuator on an aerial robot

Predictive control strategies por unmanned aerial vehicles in cargo transportation tasks

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2016.O desenvolvimento de veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs) vem despertando um grande interesse tanto no meio acadêmico quanto na indústria nas últimas décadas. Muitos campos da robótica e da teoria de controle vem sendo explorados visando melhorar o desempenho destes sistemas. Existem vários cenários onde estas aeronaves são utilizadas, tais como monitoramento de ambientes, agricultura de precisão, busca e resgate, entre outras. Dentre as diferentes aplicações destas aeronaves temos o transporte de carga suspensa por cabo, o qual tem promovido várias pesquisas relacionadas com transporte de alimentos, medicamentos e suprimentos em geral, para zonas de risco. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem como foco o uso de VANTs em tarefas de transporte de carga, considerando perturbações externas e incertezas paramétricas. A aeronave utilizada é um birotor na configuração Tilt-rotor que carrega uma carga suspensa. Um Tilt-rotor é um veículo movimentado por dois rotores inclináveis, os quais geram e direcionam forças de impulso para sustentar a aeronave. Neste estudo, é importante que a aeronave seja capaz de seguir uma trajetória predefinida enquanto estabiliza a carga suspensa mesmo quando afetada por perturbações externas ou incertezas paramétricas. Além disso, um modelo não linear multicorpo é obtido via formulação Euler-Lagrange para o VANT Tilt-rotor considerando a carga suspensa. Neste modelo foi considerado que a aeronave é composta por quatro corpos rígidos e tem dez graus de liberdade. O problema de controle é solucionado com um controlador preditivo (MPC) incremental e um não incremental, baseados no modelo linear do erro do sistema, o qual é linearizado em torno a uma trajetória genérica. Além disso, os MPCs consideram custo terminal, com o objetivo de garantir estabilidade e por consequência reduzir o horizonte de predição. Devido ao fato do sistema linear ser variante no tempo (LVT), o custo terminal é calculado mediante desigualdades matriciais lineares (LMI). Por outro lado, restrições são impostas na formulação do MPC, relacionadas com as limitações físicas dos atuadores e considerando que o VANT está confinado numa área específica. Finalmente, simulações foram realizadas para avaliar o desempenho dos controladores propostos, considerando perturbações constantes em diferentes instantes de tempo, e levando em conta incertezas paramétricas.Abstract : The development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has arousedgreat interest in both academia and industry in the recent decades.Many aereas of robotics and control theory have been exploited toimprove the performance of these systems. There are several scenarioswhere these aerial vehicles are used, like monitoring environment,precision agriculture, construction, search and rescue. Transportationof cable-suspended loads with UAVs is another application. This haspromoted research related to load transportation of food, medicine,and supplies in general for unsafe areas. This research is focused onthis topic, where it is necessary that the UAV follows a predenedtrajectory while stabilizing the suspended load, even if it is aectedby external disturbances. In this dissertation, two model predictivecontrollers (MPCs) are used to solve the path tracking problem of asmall scale Tilt-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) while carryinga suspended load. A Tilt-rotor is a vehicle lifted and propelled bytwo tiltable rotors, in order to control the direction of thrust forces.In the present study, it is important that the aircraft able to follow apredened trajectory while maintaining the suspended load stable evenin the presence of external disturbances and parametric uncertainties.Moreover, a rigorous multibody non-linear dynamic model is obtainedvia Euler-Lagrange formulation for the Tilt-rotor UAV with suspendedload, assuming four rigid bodies and ten degrees of freedom (DOF)of the vehicle. The control problem is solved with incremental andnon-incremental model predictive controllers, based on the linear errormodel of the system, which is linearized around a generic trajectory.Furthermore, the MPCs consider a terminal cost in order to ensurestability, allowing the prediction horizon reduction. As the linear modelis a linear time-varying (LTV) system, the terminal cost is calculatedvia linear matrix inequalities (LMI). In addition, some constraintsare imposed on the formulation, related to physical limitations of theactuators and assuming that the aircraft is conned to a particulararea. Finally, numerical simulations are performed in order to evaluatethe controllers, considering constant disturbances at dierent instantsof time, and modeling errors