2,384 research outputs found
Energy efficiency of mmWave massive MIMO precoding with low-resolution DACs
With the congestion of the sub-6 GHz spectrum, the interest in massive
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems operating on millimeter wave
spectrum grows. In order to reduce the power consumption of such massive MIMO
systems, hybrid analog/digital transceivers and application of low-resolution
digital-to-analog/analog-to-digital converters have been recently proposed. In
this work, we investigate the energy efficiency of quantized hybrid
transmitters equipped with a fully/partially-connected phase-shifting network
composed of active/passive phase-shifters and compare it to that of quantized
digital precoders. We introduce a quantized single-user MIMO system model based
on an additive quantization noise approximation considering realistic power
consumption and loss models to evaluate the spectral and energy efficiencies of
the transmit precoding methods. Simulation results show that
partially-connected hybrid precoders can be more energy-efficient compared to
digital precoders, while fully-connected hybrid precoders exhibit poor energy
efficiency in general. Also, the topology of phase-shifting components offers
an energy-spectral efficiency trade-off: active phase-shifters provide higher
data rates, while passive phase-shifters maintain better energy efficiency.Comment: Published in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processin
Multilevel governance patterns and the protection of groundwater and drinking water in Florida and the Netherlands
This paper develops a model of ‘governance’ as an aid for comparing such\ud
governance structures and applies these to a particular policy arena: policies\ud
on the protection of groundwater and on drinking water quality in the\ud
Netherlands and Florida.\ud
The research questions examined by this paper are:\ud
1. Which elements make up a governance structure?\ud
2. In what ways do these elements influence each other?\ud
3. What are the differences between the multilevel structure of protection for\ud
aquifers in Florida and the Netherlands, and how do these differences\ud
relate to other differences in the governance structure?\ud
The analysis in this paper has shown that ‘governance’ involves more\ud
elements than policy objectives and the means to implement policy. These\ud
elements are not simply the sum of individual aspects but are closely\ud
interlinked. We have tried to illustrate how these interrelations work. The case\ud
study we used for this was the comparison between the Netherlands and\ud
Florida regarding the protection of the quality of groundwater and drinking\ud
water. The high degree of similarity between both states highlights the\ud
differences, which exist as well. The interrelations between these differences\ud
can be understood by using our hypotheses of the mechanisms by which they\ud
work
Optimization of Massive Full-Dimensional MIMO for Positioning and Communication
Massive Full-Dimensional multiple-input multiple-output (FD-MIMO) base
stations (BSs) have the potential to bring multiplexing and coverage gains by
means of three-dimensional (3D) beamforming. Key technical challenges for their
deployment include the presence of limited-resolution front ends and the
acquisition of channel state information (CSI) at the BSs. This paper
investigates the use of FD-MIMO BSs to provide simultaneously high-rate data
communication and mobile 3D positioning in the downlink. The analysis
concentrates on the problem of beamforming design by accounting for imperfect
CSI acquisition via Time Division Duplex (TDD)-based training and for the
finite resolution of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) at the BSs. Both \textit{unstructured beamforming} and a
low-complexity \textit{Kronecker beamforming} solution are considered, where
for the latter the beamforming vectors are decomposed into separate azimuth and
elevation components. The proposed algorithmic solutions are based on Bussgang
theorem, rank-relaxation and successive convex approximation (SCA) methods.
Comprehensive numerical results demonstrate that the proposed schemes can
effectively cater to both data communication and positioning services,
providing only minor performance degradations as compared to the more
conventional cases in which either function is implemented. Moreover, the
proposed low-complexity Kronecker beamforming solutions are seen to guarantee a
limited performance loss in the presence of a large number of BS antennas.Comment: 30 pages, 6 figure
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