Päikesekuninga kontseptsiooni tekkest ja arengust Anatoolias II eelkristlikul aastatuhandel

The concept of sun king was widely spread in ancient cultures, for example in Peru (among the Incas), India, and the Ancient Middle East already in the 2nd and 3rd millennium BC. In Ancient Egypt the perception of Pharaoh as the son of Ra and the sun king formed in the Old Kingdom by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. The king was identified with the sun already by Hittites, Babylonians, and Assyrians in the 2nd millennium BC. Among the Hittites, ‘My Sun’, which could be interpreted also as ‘Majesty’, became the most popular royal title. The first Assyrian ruler to adopt the epithet ‘the Sun God of All People’ was the despotic Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244–1208). Until now, some scholars have argued that the concept of sun kind emerged in Mesopotamia and Anatolia under the influence of Egypt. This argument, however, has little ground because it is not likely, at least there is no record of it, that Egypt had contacts with Mesopotamia and Anatolia prior to the 3rd millennium BC, and by the 2nd millennium the contacts had been established but the influence of Egypt on Anatolia was rather limited. At the same time, the influence of Mesopotamia and the local Hattians, who had occupied Anatolia before the coming of Hittites, on the Hittite ideology was remarkable. Several concepts connected to Hittite royalty have been borrowed from Mesopotamia, and from Hattians. There is circumstantial evidence that the concept of sun king may have emerged at the end of the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer and Akkad, and from there spread to Anatolia. It cannot be ruled out, though, that the phenomenon may have emerged spontaneously and developed independently without major external influences

Time-dependent modeling of TeV-detected, young pulsar wind nebulae

The increasing sensitivity of instruments at X-ray and TeV energies have revealed a large number of nebulae associated with bright pulsars. Despite this large data set, the observed pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) do not show a uniform behavior and the main parameters driving features like luminosity, magnetization, and others are still not fully understood. To evaluate the possible existence of common evolutive trends and to link the characteristics of the nebula emission with those of the powering pulsar, we selected a sub-set of 10 TeV detections which are likely ascribed to young PWNe and model the spectral energy distribution with a time-dependent description of the nebulae's electron population. In 9 of these cases, a detailed PWNe model, using up-to-date multiwavelength information, is presented. The best-fit parameters of these nebula are discussed, together with the pulsar characteristics. We conclude that TeV PWNe are particle-dominated objects with large multiplicities, in general far from magnetic equipartition, and that relatively large photon field enhancements are required to explain the high level of Comptonized photons observed. We do not find significant correlations between the efficiencies of emission at different frequencies and the magnetization. The injection parameters do not appear to be particularly correlated with the pulsar properties either. We find that a normalized comparison of the SEDs (e.g., with the corresponding spin-down flux) at the same age significantly reduces the spectral distributions dispersion.Comment: 38 pages, 20 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in the Journal of High Energy Astrophysics (JHEAp