5 research outputs found

    Shared autonomous vehicle services: A comprehensive review

    Get PDF
    ยฉ 2019 Elsevier Ltd The actions of autonomous vehicle manufacturers and related industrial partners, as well as the interest from policy makers and researchers, point towards the likely initial deployment of autonomous vehicles as shared autonomous mobility services. Numerous studies are lately being published regarding Shared Autonomous Vehicle (SAV) applications and hence, it is imperative to have a comprehensive outlook, consolidating the existing knowledge base. This work comprehensively consolidates studies in the rapidly emerging field of SAV. The primary focus is the comprehensive review of the foreseen impacts, which are categorised into seven groups, namely (i) Traffic & Safety, (ii) Travel behaviour, (iii) Economy, (iv) Transport supply, (v) Landโ€“use, (vi) Environment & (vii) Governance. Pertinently, an SAV typology is presented and the components involved in modelling SAV services are described. Issues relating to the expected demand patterns and a required suitable policy framework are explicitly discussed

    ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ธ์‹์ „ํ™˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋””์ž์ธํ•™๋ถ€ ๋””์ž์ธ์ „๊ณต, 2023. 2. ์ •์˜์ฒ .SAE(Society of Automotive Engineers)์—์„œ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ Level 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋Š” ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํ•œํ•ด ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰๊ณผ ์šด์ „์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ œ์–ด๋˜๋Š” ๋น„ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด์›ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ ํŒ๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋Šฅํ™”๋œ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋งก๊ฒจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์šด์ „์ž๋Š” ํœด์‹, ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—…์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—…์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์šด์ „ ๊ณผ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ, ๊ฒŒ์ž„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํœด์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ํ˜• ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ Level 3๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์ „๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ๋„๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‘๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์‹œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ณผ์—…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—… ์ค‘์ธ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€์‹œ์ผœ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ธ ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ถœ์ž…๋กœ, ๋„๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ๋“ฑ์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ค‘ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ์ •๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ๊ณผ ํœด์‹์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ธ์ง€์™€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹คํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์ƒ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋ฏธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ 20๋ช…์˜ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 15์ดˆ์—์„œ 10์ดˆ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์•ฝ 5์ดˆ๊ฐ„ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์— ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์•„ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ž‘์—… ๋ถ€ํ•˜์™€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ๊ณผ์—… ์‹œ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ถ€ํ•˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณผ์—… ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ธ์ง€๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์—…์ด ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์˜์ƒ๊ณผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ, ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ์ง€๋ถ€ํ•˜๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹จ์ผ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต ์‹œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์—… ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์†Œ์š”๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ NDRT ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ํŒจํ„ด ๋ฐ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๊ณผ์—…์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ •๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ์ œ์–ด ์‹œ์ ์ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ฃผํ–‰ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ œ๊ณต ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์šด์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ Level 3๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ UI๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค.Autonomous driving Level 3, as defined by the SAE(Society of Automotive Engineers), is a self-driving vehicle driven by an autonomous driving system within a specified section and non-autonomous driving, in which the vehicle is controlled by the driver. The control subject is dualized depending on the driving situation. During autonomous driving, judgment and control are entrusted to the intelligent autonomous driving system, and accordingly, during partial autonomous driving, the driver can perform non-driving related tasks such as resting and using a mobile phone. Depending on the type of non-driving-related task, there is a difference in the degree of dispersion of attention, and it affects when switching to a driving task. Watching videos that use both the driver's visual and auditory senses, and games have a high degree of distraction compared to types such as rest. Level 3 autonomous driving must take into account the scheduled transition of control. During autonomous driving, when a section in which the autonomous driving function cannot be utilized due to changes in the driving environment in front occurs, the driver is requested to switch the control right before arriving at the section so that the driver controls the vehicle. At this time, stable control transfer within a limited time is emerging as an important factor. In particular, when performing a non-driving-related task such as watching a video with a high degree of driver distraction, switching to a stable driving task is important for safety. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to implement the control transfer stably by effectively recognizing the driving situation when a request for control transfer occurs to a driver performing a non-driving task by utilizing the autonomous driving function. To this end, among UI design elements requesting control transfer, control take over information based on visual information using images and texts is implemented according to the type, and the effect on the driver in the control take over process is analyzed. Based on this, it is to identify the factors that allow the driver to effectively recognize the driving situation and execute the stable control take over, and to propose their utilization. This study utilized a simulator to implement an autonomous driving situation. It consists of five types, such as expressway exit and road merging sections, which are scheduled control transition situations. A comparative experiment was conducted by selecting video watching and resting that differ in the degree of distraction as the driver's non-driving tasks during autonomous driving. Control transfer request UI design provided to the driver is composed of 5 types of visual information using video images, still images, and text to convey driving situation awareness and detailed information for executing control transfer. For 22 test subjects divided into semi-autonomous driving users and non-users, at the time when the take over request information can be delivered for about 5 seconds from 15 seconds to 10 seconds before the point where control transfer is required, the subject receives control take over information and drives the vehicle. A control experiment was conducted. We analyzed the workload imposed on the driver and the effect on the performance of control transfer according to the type of control take over request UI design, which is designed to utilize the driver's driving situation recognition process and perception ability during control transfer. As a result of the experiment conducted based on the five types of control take over request UI design based on visual information, there was a significant difference in task performance according to mental load during the control transfer task of the driver. The still image was preferred by the largest number of subjects because the driving situation was recognized quickly due to the simplicity of information delivery. In addition, the subjects' preference was high in a method similar to the existing real-time route guidance method. The video image was identified as an advantage in delivering detailed information, but a burden was generated for the subjects not being able to control the vehicle during the time they watched the control transfer information. Text information can deliver specific situations, but the task of reading and understanding sentences was the least preferred because they acted as a psychological burden to the driver in the situation of preparing for the transfer of control of the vehicle. The type of UI design composed of a combination of video image and text and still image and text had a difference in cognitive load according to driver's propensity, so there was a difference in preference compared to single control right switching information. In addition, when text information was provided simultaneously with video and still images, most of the subjects refrained from writing two or more tasks. The time required to transfer the control authority was changed by the driver's propensity and past driving experience rather than by the control authority transfer UI design type, and most drivers completed the task within the control authority transfer time. The scheduled control transfer situation suggested that a method of providing information that can respond stably is more important than reducing the driver's control time. As a result of this study, we analyze the main elements that make up the UI design based on visual information optimized for the transition of control right to the level 3 of autonomous driving, and suggest future development directions.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 ์ œ2์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 2.1 ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 14 2.1.1 ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ž๋™์ฐจ 14 2.1.2 ๋น„ ์ฃผํ–‰ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ณผ์—… 15 2.1.3 ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 17 2.1.4 ์šด์ „์ž-์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 19 2.1.5 ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ธ์‹ 20 2.1.6 ์šด์ „์ž ์ง€๊ฐ 23 2.2 ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 26 2.2.1 ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์กฐ์ž‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 26 2.2.2 ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 27 2.2.3 ์šด์ „์ž ๊ณผ์—…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์กฐ์ž‘๋ถ€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 28 2.2.4 ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋””์ž์ธ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 30 2.2.5 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์†Œ์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 31 2.2.6 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ GUI ๋””์ž์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ • 32 2.2.7 ์šด์ „์ž ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 34 2.3 ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์š”์•ฝ 36 ์ œ3์žฅ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 3.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ UI๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 38 3.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 52 3.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 57 3.4 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋„๊ตฌ 58 3.4.1 ํ†ต์ œ๋„๊ตฌ 58 3.4.1.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ UI๋””์ž์ธ 58 3.4.1.1.1 ์˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด 58 3.4.1.1.2 ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด 60 3.4.1.1.3 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด 62 3.4.1.2 NDRT ๊ตฌํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  65 3.4.1.3 ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ 66 3.4.2 ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋„๊ตฌ 68 ์ œ4์žฅ ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜ 70 4.1 ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • 70 4.2 ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 73 4.3 ํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฟ ์‹คํ—˜ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 76 ์ œ5์žฅ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ 78 5.1 ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐœ์„  ์‚ฌํ•ญ 78 5.2 ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 80 5.3 ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋„๊ตฌ 81 5.4 ์‹คํ—˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ • 84 5.5 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 89 ์ œ6์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 91 6.1 ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 91 6.1.1 ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 91 6.1.2 ์ธ์ง€ ์ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ 91 6.1.3. ๋ฐ˜ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์ฒญ/ํœด์‹ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 93 6.1.4. ์ž๊ทน๋ฌผ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 95 6.1.5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 99 6.2 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ณผ์ • ์˜์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 100 6.2.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ์‹œ์  102 6.2.1.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด ํ™•์ธ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ˜• 102 6.2.1.2 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์„  ์ธ์ˆ˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ˜• 103 6.2.2 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 105 6.2.2.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ํ™œ์šฉ 105 6.2.2.2 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ํŒŒ์•… ๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ 106 6.2.3 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์š”์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ 107 6.3 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ด€์ /๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์š”์†Œ ๋„์ถœ 108 6.3.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ 108 6.3.2 ์˜์ƒ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 109 6.3.3 ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 110 6.3.4 ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 111 6.3.5 ์šด์ „์ž ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ™•์ธ 112 6.4 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ UI๋””์ž์ธ ๊ด€์—ฌ ์š”์ธ 115 6.4.1 ์•ˆ์ •์  ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ UI๋””์ž์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‚ฌํ•ญ 115 6.4.2 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ œ๊ณต ์‹œ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค 116 6.4.3 ์šด์ „์ž ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต 116 6.4.4 ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฃผํ–‰ ์Šต๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค 118 6.4.5 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ 118 6.4.6 NDRT์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ ์‹œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ 119 ์ œ7์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  121 7.1 ์ œ์–ด๊ถŒ ์ „ํ™˜ UI๋””์ž์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 121 7.2 ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  123 7.3 ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ๊ณผ์ œ 125๋ฐ•

    Mobility in the Advent of Autonomous Driving โ€“ Toward an Understanding of User Acceptance and Quality Perception Factors

    Get PDF
    Recent advancements in intelligent technologies and sensor-based data collections pave the way for autonomous driving and facilitate a radical transformation of todayโ€™s mobility. Based on auspicious market projections, traditional automotive manufacturers and technology companies invest heavily in the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In addition to the profits that the industry expects from self-driving vehicles, this new type of mobility should also solve societal issues like reducing traffic accidents and fatalities by eliminating human driving errors. More efficient autonomous driving is expected to bring improvements in terms of fewer congestions and less fuel consumption, thereby reducing greenhouse emissions. Besides, AVs pledge to entail advantages for their users. Specifically, they increase mobility for the disabled and the older generation. In contrast, younger passengers associate autonomous driving with improved productivity and an enhanced hedonic experience as non-driving activities, such as working or watching a movie, are made possible. Contrary to the above expectations, people also raise concerns regarding self-driving vehicles. They are worried about whether the sensors and systems can correctly interpret complex environmental conditions. Above all, there are doubts whether the technology, even being intelligent, can react appropriately in critical traffic situations made up of humans who sometimes behave unpredictably. In case of unavoidable traffic accidents, ethical questions come into play regarding how the vehicle makes decisions that could result in a person being injured or killed. Finally, the new and sophisticated technology could have vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals or allow unauthorized third parties to obtain passenger data. Motivated by the anticipated improvements that AVs entail and the breadth of factors that might influence their adoption, a large body of research investigating relevant adoption factors has accumulated. In order to collect, organize, and combine extant findings, research paper A conducts a structured literature review on the acceptance of autonomous vehicles. Based on 58 articles, it develops an AV acceptance framework consisting of individual user characteristics, vehicle characteristics, and political/societal elements. The framework indicates for each factor whether available research results identify the effect as either positively or negatively significant. Thereby, the paper also sheds light on diverging construct operationalizations, aiming to support researchers in comparing available findings. Eventually, paper A proposes future research avenues across various themes and methods, which build a foundation for further research pursued in this dissertationโ€™s subsequent papers. However, solely balancing significant against non-significant results can come to wrong conclusions since the sample size alone can lead to varying significance levels. Because of this, paper B builds on the literature review and conducts a meta-analysis to include further quantitative analyses. It calculates the mean effect sizes for each AV acceptance factor based on published research results. By doing so, the paper identifies attitude, perceived usefulness, efficiency, trust in AVs, safety, and subjective norms to correlate most strongly with the behavioral intention to use an automated car. A subsequent moderator-analysis shows that almost all acceptance factors are influenced by the studyโ€™s methodology and location, the AVโ€™s level of automation, and the examined ownership model, i.e., private cars, car sharing, or public transport. In doing so, paper B observes that most of the available research is on privately owned AVs and hence lacks to assess public as well as shared automated mobility. To fill this gap, paper C investigates characteristics relevant for automated mobility as a service (AMaaS). Based on 23 exploratory interviews with the general public, the paper derives a set of AMaaS requirements. Mobility experts sort these requirements based on commonalities so that a cluster analysis can conceptualize the expected AMaaS characteristics from a practitionerโ€™s view. The paper identifies traffic safety, information privacy, cybersecurity, regulations, flexibility, accessibility, efficiency, and convenience to be relevant service characteristics. It discusses each required characteristic and thereby delineates the constructsโ€™ scopes so that subsequent research can build appropriate measurement instruments. Besides, paper C discovers strongly diverging priorities regarding the respective service characteristics when comparing the potential usersโ€™ conversation shares with the expertsโ€™ relevance ratings. Paper D builds on the qualitative results of paper C as it develops and validates a hierarchical quality scale for AMaaS. The paper proposes a theoretical model and operationalizes the previously identified service characteristics. Throughout multiple empirical studies with 1,431 participants, the proposed quality scale is refined iteratively until satisfactory psychometric properties are achieved. Nomological validity ensures the scaleโ€™s predictability. Paper D progresses research from focussing on the mere acceptance of autonomous driving to the userโ€™s quality perception, which significantly influences user satisfaction and the success of AMaaS. This, in turn, is necessary to realize the promised benefits of autonomous driving in a sustainable manner

    Needs and Expectations for Fully Autonomous Vehicle Interfaces

    No full text
    Fully autonomous vehicles provide an opportunity to improve current transportation solutions; both for drivers and for people unable to drive. In this paper we present the preliminary results of a study aiming to understand user needs and expectations for autonomous vehicle interfaces. We found that users expect a different type of information to be fed back to them depending on whether the vehicles are privately owned or shared. The results of this study will be confirmed by further work and contribute to the development of a baseline fully autonomous vehicle user interface
    corecore