Fatty acid nitroalkenes ameliorate glucose intolerance and pulmonary hypertension in high-fat diet-induced obesity

Aims Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, with the incidence of these disorders becoming epidemic. Pathogenic responses to obesity have been ascribed to adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction that promotes bioactive mediator secretion from visceral AT and the initiation of pro-inflammatory events that induce oxidative stress and tissue dysfunction. Current understanding supports that suppressing pro-inflammatory and oxidative events promotes improved metabolic and cardiovascular function. In this regard, electrophilic nitro-fatty acids display pleiotropic anti-inflammatory signalling actions. Methods and results It was hypothesized that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced inflammatory and metabolic responses, manifested by loss of glucose tolerance and vascular dysfunction, would be attenuated by systemic administration of nitrooctadecenoic acid (OA-NO2). Male C57BL/6j mice subjected to a HFD for 20 weeks displayed increased adiposity, fasting glucose, and insulin levels, which led to glucose intolerance and pulmonary hypertension, characterized by increased right ventricular (RV) end-systolic pressure (RVESP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). This was associated with increased lung xanthine oxidoreductase (XO) activity, macrophage infiltration, and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure remained unaltered, indicating that the HFD produces pulmonary vascular remodelling, rather than LV dysfunction and pulmonary venous hypertension. Administration of OA-NO2 for the final 6.5 weeks of HFD improved glucose tolerance and significantly attenuated HFD-induced RVESP, PVR, RV hypertrophy, lung XO activity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory pulmonary cytokine levels. Conclusions These observations support that the pleiotropic signalling actions of electrophilic fatty acids represent a therapeutic strategy for limiting the complex pathogenic responses instigated by obesity.Fil: Kelley, Eric E.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Baust, Jeff. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Bonacci, Gustavo Roberto. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Golin Bisello, Franca. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Devlin, Jason E.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Croix, Claudette M. St.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Watkins, Simon C.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Gor, Sonia. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Cantu Medellin, Nadiezhda. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Weidert, Eric R.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Frisbee,Jefferson C.. University of Virginia; Estados UnidosFil: Gladwin, Mark T.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Champion, Hunter C.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Freeman, Bruce A.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Khoo, Nicholas K.H.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unido

Hydrazones as Singular Reagents in Asymmetric Organocatalysis

This Minireview summarizes strategies and developments regarding the use of hydrazones as reagents in asymmetric organocatalysis, their distinct roles in nucleophile–electrophile, cycloaddition, and cyclization reactions. The key structural elements governing the reactivity of these reagents in a preferred pathway will be discussed, as well as their different interactions with organocatalysts, leading to diverse activation modes. Along these studies, the synthetic equivalence of N-monoalkyl, N,N-dialkyl, and N-acyl hydrazones with several synthons is also highlighted. Emphasis is also put on the mechanistic studies performed to understand the observed reactivities. Finally, the functional group transformations performed from the available products has also been analyzed, highlighting the synthetic value of these methodologies, which served to access numerous families of valuable multifunctional compounds and nitrogen-containing heterocycles.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CTQ2013-48164-C2-1-P, CTQ201348164-C2-2-PEuropean FEDER fundsJunta de Andalucía 2012/FQM 107

Nitro-fatty acid formation and metabolism

Nitro-fatty acids (NO 2 -FA) are pleiotropic modulators of redox signaling pathways. Their effects on inflammatory signaling have been studied in great detail in cell, animal and clinical models primarily using exogenously administered nitro-oleic acid. While we know a considerable amount regarding NO 2 -FA signaling, endogenous formation and metabolism is relatively unexplored. This review will cover what is currently known regarding the proposed mechanisms of NO 2 -FA formation, dietary modulation of endogenous NO 2 -FA levels, pathways of NO 2 -FA metabolism and the detection of NO 2 -FA and corresponding metabolites.Fil: Buchan, Gregory J.. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Bonacci, Gustavo Roberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología; ArgentinaFil: Fazzari, Marco. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unidos. Fondazione Ri.Med; ItaliaFil: Salvatore, Sonia Rosana. University of Pittsburgh; Estados UnidosFil: Gelhaus Wendell, Stacy. University of Pittsburgh; Estados Unido

Recent Advances in Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Conjugate Additions to Nitroalkenes

The asymmetric conjugate addition of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles to nitroalkenes is a very interesting tool for the construction of highly functionalized synthetic building blocks. Thanks to the rapid development of asymmetric organocatalysis, significant progress has been made during the last years in achieving efficiently this process, concerning chiral organocatalysts, substrates and reaction conditions. This review surveys the advances in asymmetric organocatalytic conjugate addition reactions to α,β-unsaturated nitroalkenes developed between 2013 and early 2017.We thank the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (CTQ2015-66624-P) and the University of Alicante (UAUSTI16-03, AUSTI16-10, VIGROB-173, VIGROB-285)

Reactions of nitroalkenes with nitroalkanes or sulfur ylides catalyzed by amine-thiourea bifunctional polymeric organocatalysts

Non-cross-linked and cross-linked bifunctional polystyrenes bearing both amine and thiourea groups have been synthesized and used as organocatalysts in reactions between nitroalkenes and nitroalkanes or sulfur ylides. Control experiments using monofunctional polymers with only either amine or thiourea groups attached indicated that both functional groups were essential for efficient catalysis of the reactions studied. The non-cross-linked polystyrene was soluble in typical organic solvents and was used as a homogeneous catalyst, while the cross-linked polystyrene was used as a heterogeneous catalyst. © Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York.postprin

Synthesis of Octahedral Chiral-at-Iridium H-Bonding Catalysts and Applications in Asymmetric Friedel-Crafts Reaction of α-Bromo-Nitroalkenes and Indoles

八面体配合物具有刚性结构和丰富的立体选择性，其在生命科学、材料科学 医学等方面有着许多的用途。特别是相应的手性配合物对DNA的二级结构、蛋 白质酶等具有良好的分子识别作用。然而，八面体配合物的合成手段非常有限 且在不对称催化方面仅有零星的报道。在本论文中，我们重点围绕八面体手性配 合物的合成方法及其在不对称Friedel-Crafts反应中的应用展开研究。 论文的第一部分以手性辅助剂法高效合成四种铱手性氢键催化剂，如利用手 性噻唑配体或商业化的L-脯氨酸，暂时性地与铱中心配位，形成非对映体后进 行有效分离，之后在保持金属中心构型不变的基础上，以含氢键给体的目标配体 去取代手性辅...Octahedral metal complexes are widely used in different subjects because of its unique rigid structure and stereochemistry diversity, including life science, materials science, medicine, etc. Particularly, the corresponding chiral complexes have good molecular recognition function on the secondary structure of DNA and protein enzyme. However, it is rare found that the chiral-at-metal octahedra...学位：理学硕士院系专业：化学化工学院_化学生物学学号：2052013115166

Efficient Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of exo-Nitroprolinates by 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoramidite⋅Silver(I) Complexes

Chiral complexes formed by privileged phosphoramidites and silver triflate or silver benzoate are excellent catalysts for the general 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azomethine ylides generated from α-amino acid-derived imino esters and nitroalkenes affording with high dr the exo-cycloadducts 4,5-trans-2,5-cis-4-nitroprolinates in high ee at room temperature. In general, better results are obtained using silver rather than copper(II) complexes. In many cases the exo-cycloadducts can be obtained in enantiomerically pure form just after simple recrystallization. The mechanism and the justification of the experimentally observed stereodiscrimination of the process are supported by DFT calculations. These enantiomerically enriched exo-nitroprolinates can be used as reagents for the synthesis of nitropiperidines, by ester reduction and ring expansion, which are inhibitors of farnesyltransferase.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (Consolider INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00006, CTQ2010-20387), FEDER, Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2009/039abd PROMETEOII/2014/017), and by the University of Alicante. L. M. C. thanks the MICINN for an FPI fellowship. Financial support was provided by the MICINN and FEDER (projects CTQ2010-16959/BQU, and Consolider-Ingenio CSD2007-00006), the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU, UFI11/22 QOSYC), the Basque Government (GV/EJ, grant IT-324-07). The authors thank the SGI/IZO-SGIker UPV/EHU and the DIPC for generous allocation of computational resources

Enantioselective Michael addition of isobutyraldehyde to nitroalkenes organocatalyzed by chiral primary amine-guanidines

Primary amine-guanidines derived from trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamines are used as organocatalysts for the enantioselective conjugate addition of isobutyraldehyde to arylated and heteroarylated nitroalkenes. The reaction was performed in the presence of imidazole as the additive in aqueous DMF as the solvent at 0 °C. The corresponding Michael adducts bearing a new stereocenter were obtained in high yields and with enantioselectivities of up to 80%. Theoretical calculations are used to justify the observed sense of the stereoinduction.Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (projects CTQ2010-20387, CTQ2010-21263-C02 and Consolider Ingenio 2010, CSD2007-00006), FEDER, the COST Action CM0905 ‘Organocatalysis’, the Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo/2009/039), the Basque Government (GV Grant IT-291-07), the FP7 Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission via the ITN ECHONET Network (MCITN-2012-316379) and the universities of Alicante and the Basque Country

Synthesis of interesting β-nitrohydrazides through a thiourea organocatalysed aza-Michael addition

The synthesis of antimicrobial β-nitrohydrazides, as the target product of our reaction, is reached for the first time under organocatalytic enantioselective conditions. We accomplish this goal by using a thiourea organocatalysed aza-Michael addition reaction of hydrazide to nitroalkenes, furnishing final products with good yields and good enantiomeric ratios. The developed methodology is one of the rare examples of catalytic reactivity using hydrazide where the reaction proceeds through its N2 atom. Our developed strategy extends the generality of this area of research due to the difficulties of designing new nitrogen nucleophiles with high activity, and in addition, this is one of the scarce examples where nitroalkenes and chiral thioureas have been used in asymmetric organocatalytic aza-Michael addition reactions. © 2014 The Royal Society of Chemistry.We thank the Spanish Ministry of Economía y Competitividad (MICINN. Madrid. Spain. Project CTQ2010-19606) and the Government of Aragón (Zaragoza. Spain. Research Group E-10) for financial support of our research.Peer Reviewe

Chiral benzimidazoles as hydrogen bonding organocatalysts

Several bifunctional organocatalysts bearing the benzimidazole unit have been designed in order to act as bifunctional systems by hydrogen bonding. Chiral 2-aminobenzimidazoles are conformational rigid guanidines able to catalyze enantioselectively Michael reaction, direct SN1 of alcohols, and aldol reactions. Some of these organocatalysts can be easily recovered by simple isolation methods and reused without loss of catalytic activity. Related (2-aminoalkyl)benzimidazoles have been used as chiral organocatalysts in aldol and amination reactions of carbonyl compounds.The Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) (projects CTQ2010-20387, and Consolider Ingenio 2010, CSD2007-00006), the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (projects CTQ2013-43446-P and CTQ2014-51912-REDC), FEDER – Spain, the Generalitat Valenciana – Spain (PROMETEO 2009/039 and PROMETEOII/2014/017), and the University of Alicante are gratefully acknowledged for financial support