In-situ Water quality monitoring in Oil and Gas operations

From agriculture to mining, to energy, surface water quality monitoring is an essential task. As oil and gas operators work to reduce the consumption of freshwater, it is increasingly important to actively manage fresh and non-fresh water resources over the long term. For large-scale monitoring, manual sampling at many sites has become too time-consuming and unsustainable, given the sheer number of dispersed ponds, small lakes, playas, and wetlands over a large area. Therefore, satellite-based environmental monitoring presents great potential. Many existing satellite-based monitoring studies utilize index-based methods to monitor large water bodies such as rivers and oceans. However, these existing methods fail when monitoring small ponds-the reflectance signal received from small water bodies is too weak to detect. To address this challenge, we propose a new Water Quality Enhanced Index (WQEI) Model, which is designed to enable users to determine contamination levels in water bodies with weak reflectance patterns. Our results show that 1) WQEI is a good indicator of water turbidity validated with 1200 water samples measured in the laboratory, and 2) by applying our method to commonly available satellite data (e.g. LandSat8), one can achieve high accuracy water quality monitoring efficiently in large regions. This provides a tool for operators to optimize the quality of water stored within surface storage ponds and increasing the readiness and availability of non-fresh water.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, SPIE Defense + Commercial: Algorithms, Technologies, and Applications for Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging XXI

Remote Sensing of Earth Resources: A literature survey with indexes (1970 - 1973 supplement). Section 1: Abstracts

Abstracts of reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between March 1970 and December 1973 are presented in the following areas: agriculture and forestry, environmental changes and cultural resources, geodesy and cartography, geology and mineral resources, oceanography and marine resources, hydrology and water management, data processing and distribution systems, instrumentation and sensors, and economic analysis

Energy: A special bibliography with indexes, April 1974

This literature survey of special energy and energy related documents lists 1708 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system between January 1, 1968, and December 31, 1973. Citations from International Aerospace Abstracts (IAA) and Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) are grouped according to the following subject categories: energy systems; solar energy; primary energy sources; secondary energy sources; energy conversion; energy transport, transmission, and distribution; and energy storage. The index section includes the subject, personal author, corporate source, contract, report, and accession indexes