1,063 research outputs found
Echo State Learning for Wireless Virtual Reality Resource Allocation in UAV-enabled LTE-U Networks
In this paper, the problem of resource management is studied for a network of
wireless virtual reality (VR) users communicating using an unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV)-enabled LTE-U network. In the studied model, the UAVs act as VR
control centers that collect tracking information from the VR users over the
wireless uplink and, then, send the constructed VR images to the VR users over
an LTE-U downlink. Therefore, resource allocation in such a UAV-enabled LTE-U
network must jointly consider the uplink and downlink links over both licensed
and unlicensed bands. In such a VR setting, the UAVs can dynamically adjust the
image quality and format of each VR image to change the data size of each VR
image, then meet the delay requirement. Therefore, resource allocation must
also take into account the image quality and format. This VR-centric resource
allocation problem is formulated as a noncooperative game that enables a joint
allocation of licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands, as well as a dynamic
adaptation of VR image quality and format. To solve this game, a learning
algorithm based on the machine learning tools of echo state networks (ESNs)
with leaky integrator neurons is proposed. Unlike conventional ESN based
learning algorithms that are suitable for discrete-time systems, the proposed
algorithm can dynamically adjust the update speed of the ESN's state and,
hence, it can enable the UAVs to learn the continuous dynamics of their
associated VR users. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm
achieves up to 14% and 27.1% gains in terms of total VR QoE for all users
compared to Q-learning using LTE-U and Q-learning using LTE
Immersive interconnected virtual and augmented reality : a 5G and IoT perspective
Despite remarkable advances, current augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) applications are a largely individual and local experience. Interconnected AR/VR, where participants can virtually interact across vast distances, remains a distant dream. The great barrier that stands between current technology and such applications is the stringent end-to-end latency requirement, which should not exceed 20 ms in order to avoid motion sickness and other discomforts. Bringing AR/VR to the next level to enable immersive interconnected AR/VR will require significant advances towards 5G ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and a Tactile Internet of Things (IoT). In this article, we articulate the technical challenges to enable a future AR/VR end-to-end architecture, that combines 5G URLLC and Tactile IoT technology to support this next generation of interconnected AR/VR applications. Through the use of IoT sensors and actuators, AR/VR applications will be aware of the environmental and user context, supporting human-centric adaptations of the application logic, and lifelike interactions with the virtual environment. We present potential use cases and the required technological building blocks. For each of them, we delve into the current state of the art and challenges that need to be addressed before the dream of remote AR/VR interaction can become reality
- …