Évaluation et la représentation spatiotemporelle de l'accessibilité des réseaux piétonniers pour le déplacement des personnes à mobilité réduite

La mobilité des personnes à mobilité réduite (PMR) joue un rôle important dans leur inclusion sociale. Les PMR ont besoin de se déplacer de manière autonome pour effectuer leurs routines quotidiennes comme aller à l'école, au travail, au centre de remise en forme ou faire du magasinage. Cependant, celles-ci ne sont pas entièrement exécutées en raison de la conception non-adaptée des villes pour ces personnes. En effet, la mobilité est une habitude de vie humaine qui est le résultat d'interactions entre les facteurs humains (par exemple, les capacités) et les facteurs environnementaux. Au cours des dernières années, la mise au point de technologies d’aide technique s'est développée progressivement pour permettre aux PMR d’améliorer leur qualité de vie. En particulier, ces technologies offrent une variété de caractéristiques qui permettent à ces personnes de surmonter divers obstacles qui réduisent leur mobilité et contribuent à leur exclusion sociale. Cependant, malgré la disponibilité des technologies d’aide à la navigation et à la mobilité, leur potentiel est mal exploité pour les PMR. En effet, ces technologies ne considèrent pas les interactions « humain-environnement » adéquatement pour ces utilisateurs. L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'utiliser les potentiels des méthodes et des technologies de science de l'information géographique (SIG) afin d’aider à surmonter les problèmes de mobilité des PMR en créant un cadre d'évaluation de l'accessibilité et en développant une approche personnalisée de routage qui prend en compte les profils de ces personnes. Pour atteindre ce but, quatre objectifs spécifiques sont considérés: 1) développer une ontologie de mobilité pour les PMR qui considère les facteurs personnels et environnementaux, 2) proposer une méthode de l’évaluation de l'accessibilité du réseau piétonnier pour la mobilité des PMR en considérant spécifiquement les interactions entre les facteurs humains (la confiance) et les facteurs environnementaux, 3) étudier le rôle des facteurs sociaux dans l'accessibilité des zones urbaines et, finalement, 4) affiner les algorithmes existants pour calculer les itinéraires accessibles personnalisés pour les PMR en considérant leurs profils. En effet, tout d'abord pour développer une ontologie pour la mobilité des PMR, la dimension sociale de l'environnement ainsi que la dimension physique sont intégrées et une nouvelle approche basée sur une perspective « nature-développement » est présentée. Ensuite, une approche fondée sur la confiance des PMR est développée pour l'évaluation de l'accessibilité du réseau piétonnier, compte tenu de l'interaction entre les facteurs personnels et les facteurs environnementaux. De plus, dans une perspective de considération des facteurs sociaux, le rôle des actions politiques sur l'accessibilité du réseau piétonnier est étudié et l'influence de trois politiques potentielles est analysée. Enfin, une nouvelle approche pour calculer des itinéraires personnalisés pour les PMR en tenant compte de leurs perceptions, de leurs préférences et de leurs confidences est proposée. Les approches proposées sont développées et évaluées dans le quartier Saint-Roch à Québec, et ce, en utilisant une application d'assistance mobile et multimodale développée dans le cadre du projet MobiliSIG.Mobility of people with motor disabilities (PWMD) plays a significant role in their social inclusion. PWMD need to move around autonomously to perform their daily routines such as going to school, work, shopping, and going to fitness centers. However, mostly these needs are not accomplished because of either limitations concerning their capabilities or inadequate city design. Indeed, mobility is a human life habit, which is the result of interactions between people and their surrounded environments. In recent years, assistive technologies have been increasingly developed to enable PWMD to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life. In particular, these technologies provide a variety of features that allow these individuals to overcome diverse obstacles that reduce their mobility and contribute to their social exclusion. However, despite increasing availability of assistive technologies for navigation and mobility, their potential is poorly exploited for PWMD. Indeed, these technologies do not fully consider the human-environment interactions. The overall goal of this dissertation is to benefit from the potentials of methods and technologies of the Geographic Information Sciences (GIS) in order to overcome the mobility issues of PWMD by creating an accessibility-assessing framework and ultimately by developing a personalized routing approach, which better considers the humanenvironment interaction. To achieve this goal, four specific objectives were followed: 1) develop a mobility ontology for PWMD that considers personal factors as well as environmental factors, 2) propose a method to evaluate the accessibility of the pedestrian network for the mobility of PWMD considering the interactions between human factors (confidence) and the environmental factors, 3) study of the role of social factors in the accessibility of urban areas, and finally, 4) refine the existing algorithms to calculate accessible routes for PWMD considering their profile. First, to develop an adapted ontology for mobility of the PWMD, the social dimension of the environment with the physical dimension were integrated and a new approach based on a “Nature-Development” perspective was presented. This perspective led to the development of useful ontologies, especially for defining the relationships between the social and physical parts of the environment. Next, a confidence-based approach was developed for evaluation of the accessibility of pedestrian network considering the interaction between personal factors and environmental factors for the mobility of PWMD. In addition, the role of policy actions on the accessibility of the pedestrian network was investigated and the influence of three potential policies was analyzed. Finally, a novel approach to compute personalized routes for PWMD considering their perception, preferences, and confidences was proposed. The approaches proposed were implemented in the Saint-Roch area of Quebec City and visualized within the multimodal mobile assistive technology (MobiliSIG) applicatio

スマートフォンを用いた視覚障碍者向け移動支援システムアーキテクチャに関する研究

学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : （主査）東京大学教授 坂村 健, 東京大学教授 越塚 登, 東京大学教授 暦本 純一, 東京大学教授 中尾 彰宏, 東京大学教授 石川 徹University of Tokyo(東京大学

Assessing vulnerability and modelling assistance: using demographic indicators of vulnerability and agent-based modelling to explore emergency flooding relief response

Flooding is a significant concern for much of the UK and is recognised as a primary threat by most local councils. Those in society most often deemed vulnerable: the elderly, poor or sick, for example, often see their level of vulnerability increase during hazard events. A greater knowledge of the spatial distribution of vulnerability within communities is key to understanding how a population may be impacted by a hazard event. Vulnerability indices are regularly used – in conjunction with needs assessments and on-the-ground research – to target service provision and justify resource allocation. Past work on measuring and mapping vulnerability has been limited by a focus on income-related indicators, a lack of consideration of accessibility, and the reliance on proprietary data. The Open Source Vulnerability Index (OSVI) encompasses an extensive range of vulnerability indicators supported by the wider literature and expert validation and provides data at a sufficiently fine resolution that can identify vulnerable populations. Findings of the OSVI demonstrate the potential cascading impact of a flood hazard as it impacts an already vulnerable population: exacerbating pre-existing vulnerabilities, limiting capabilities and restricting accessibility and access to key services. The OSVI feeds into an agent-based model (ABM) that explores the capacity of the British Red Cross (BRC) to distribute relief during flood emergencies using strategies based upon the OSVI. A participatory modelling approach was utilised whereby the BRC were included in all aspects of the model development. The major contribution of this work is the novel synthesis of demographics analysis, vulnerability mapping and geospatial simulation. The project contributes to the growing understanding of vulnerability and response management within the NGO sector. It is hoped that the index and model produced will allow responder organisations to run simulations of similar emergency events and adjust strategic response plans accordingly

Too poor or too far? Partitioning the variability in hospital birth by poverty and travel time in four sub-Saharan countries

Poverty and long travel time are barriers to using skilled care at birth, especially care provided at hospitals which can be located far and result in high direct and indirect costs. In parts of sub- Saharan Africa, about one third of births occur in hospitals. This thesis aimed to assess the relative contributions of poverty and long travel time to the probability of giving birth in a hospital in Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. I first reviewed the literature related to measuring the distance/travel time between women and health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the measurements and standards adopted by included studies were diverse, the impeding effect of living far from health facilities on use of childbirth care was prominent. In the second study, we compared two approaches to create high-resolution poverty maps in Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria and Tanzania. We found that the spatial variation in poverty and its determinants differed across countries, which should be considered when choosing the most suitable mapping approach. For each country, we used the better-performing approach to construct a national poverty map. These maps showed the highest concentration of poverty in remote locations, where population density was low and the allocation of resources potentially expensive. Next, we assessed the wealth inequality in travel time to the nearest hospital and its trade-off against minimizing overall travel time in the four countries. Travel time was calculated by overlaying locations of the population, wealth subgroups and hospitals. We simulated alternative hospital locations to identify the shortest overall travel time and the narrowest equity gap possible. Results suggest that hospitals in the four countries are currently well placed to minimize overall travel time, but they create wide inequality gaps by wealth. Lastly, we assessed the relative contributions of poverty, travel time, and other factors on the probability of hospital birth in the four countries. Poverty and travel time were important, and they played different roles within and across countries, meaning different strategies are needed to increase hospital-based childbirth. Nonetheless, these strategies alone do not address all barriers, and further research of where they do not lead to the desire result is required to help devise tailor-made actions

Bridgewater State University Undergraduate & Graduate Catalog 2015-2016

This 2015-2016 Bridgewater State University Catalog outlines programs of study. This catalog is an official publication of Bridgewater State University. The rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study, and academic requirements that appear in this catalog were in effect at the time of its publication. Whether noted elsewhere in this catalog or not, the university reserves the right to change, eliminate, and add to any existing (and to introduce additional) rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study and academic requirements that appear in this catalog, in the Student Handbook or on its website or otherwise. Whenever it does so, the university will give as much advance notice as it considers feasible or appropriate, but it reserves the right in all cases to do so without notice. Statement of Student Responsibility Students should read and understand the rules, requirements and policies described in the catalog. Additionally, all enrolled students are expected to read and be familiar with the content of the Student Handbook. In all cases, students bear ultimate responsibility for reading the catalog and the Student Handbook and following the policies, rules, requirements and regulations of the university.https://vc.bridgew.edu/bsu_catalogs/1007/thumbnail.jp

Bridgewater State University Undergraduate & Graduate Catalog 2010-2011

This 2010-2011 Bridgewater State University Catalog outlines programs of study. The rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study, and academic requirements that appear in this catalog were in effect at the time of its publication. Like everything else in this catalog, they are published for informational purposes only, and they do not constitute a contract between the university and any student, applicant for admission or other person. Whether noted elsewhere in this catalog or not, the university reserves the right to change, eliminate, and add to any existing (and to introduce additional) rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study and academic requirements. Whenever it does so, the university will give as much advance notice as it considers feasible or appropriate, but it reserves the right in all cases to do so without notice. Statement of Student Responsibility In all cases, the student bears ultimate responsibility for reading the catalog and following the academic policies and regulations of the university.https://vc.bridgew.edu/bsu_catalogs/1001/thumbnail.jp

Bridgewater State University Undergraduate & Graduate Catalog 2013-2014

This 2013-2014 Bridgewater State University Catalog outlines programs of study. The rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study, and academic requirements that appear in this catalog were in effect at the time of its publication. Like everything else in this catalog, they are published for informational purposes only, and they do not constitute a contract between the university and any student, applicant for admission or other person. Whether noted elsewhere in this catalog or not, the university reserves the right to change, eliminate, and add to any existing (and to introduce additional) rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study and academic requirements. Whenever it does so, the university will give as much advance notice as it considers feasible or appropriate, but it reserves the right in all cases to do so without notice. Statement of Student Responsibility In all cases, the student bears ultimate responsibility for reading the catalog and following the academic policies and regulations of the university.https://vc.bridgew.edu/bsu_catalogs/1004/thumbnail.jp

Shortest Route at Dynamic Location with Node Combination-Dijkstra Algorithm

Abstract— Online transportation has become a basic requirement of the general public in support of all activities to go to work, school or vacation to the sights. Public transportation services compete to provide the best service so that consumers feel comfortable using the services offered, so that all activities are noticed, one of them is the search for the shortest route in picking the buyer or delivering to the destination. Node Combination method can minimize memory usage and this methode is more optimal when compared to A* and Ant Colony in the shortest route search like Dijkstra algorithm, but can’t store the history node that has been passed. Therefore, using node combination algorithm is very good in searching the shortest distance is not the shortest route. This paper is structured to modify the node combination algorithm to solve the problem of finding the shortest route at the dynamic location obtained from the transport fleet by displaying the nodes that have the shortest distance and will be implemented in the geographic information system in the form of map to facilitate the use of the system. Keywords— Shortest Path, Algorithm Dijkstra, Node Combination, Dynamic Location (key words

Bridgewater State University Undergraduate & Graduate Catalog 2012-2013

This 2012-2013 Bridgewater State University Catalog outlines programs of study. The rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study, and academic requirements that appear in this catalog were in effect at the time of its publication. Like everything else in this catalog, they are published for informational purposes only, and they do not constitute a contract between the university and any student, applicant for admission or other person. Whether noted elsewhere in this catalog or not, the university reserves the right to change, eliminate, and add to any existing (and to introduce additional) rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study and academic requirements. Whenever it does so, the university will give as much advance notice as it considers feasible or appropriate, but it reserves the right in all cases to do so without notice. Statement of Student Responsibility In all cases, the student bears ultimate responsibility for reading the catalog and following the academic policies and regulations of the university.https://vc.bridgew.edu/bsu_catalogs/1003/thumbnail.jp

Bridgewater State University Undergraduate & Graduate Catalog 2011-2012

This 2011-2012 Bridgewater State University Catalog outlines programs of study. The rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study, and academic requirements that appear in this catalog were in effect at the time of its publication. Like everything else in this catalog, they are published for informational purposes only, and they do not constitute a contract between the university and any student, applicant for admission or other person. Whether noted elsewhere in this catalog or not, the university reserves the right to change, eliminate, and add to any existing (and to introduce additional) rules, regulations, policies, fees and other charges, courses of study and academic requirements. Whenever it does so, the university will give as much advance notice as it considers feasible or appropriate, but it reserves the right in all cases to do so without notice. Statement of Student Responsibility In all cases, the student bears ultimate responsibility for reading the catalog and following the academic policies and regulations of the university.https://vc.bridgew.edu/bsu_catalogs/1002/thumbnail.jp