916 research outputs found

    Improving the SEP licensing framework by revising SSOs’ IPR policies

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    This thesis examines the SEP licensing framework with a view to understanding whether it can be improved by revising IPR policies. The ICT standardisation, which provides interoperability, is one of the building blocks of the modern economy. Put simply, without standards, there would not be IoT or for example, consumers would only be able to connect to a wireless network with devices specifically built for that network. Standards are not a new phenomenon; however, they became more complex with the increasing importance of technology, which made them, in return, more dependent on patented technologies (i.e. SEPs). SEPs cause complications in standardisation as they require SEP owners and potential licensees to negotiate/agree on usually complex licensing agreements. Although SSOs have attempted to regulate this relationship with their IPR policies, now it seems these policies cannot keep up with the changing dynamics and needs in standardisation. Dysfunctions in the system do not only affect competition in the relevant markets, they also prejudice consumers’ interests, for example, by passing on higher prices to cover supra-competitive royalties. In particular, since the first Rambus case in the US, competition/antitrust agencies and courts have been dealing with SEP-related issues. Recently, the EU has been considering addressing some of those with legislation. Conversely, this research derives from the notion that active standardisation participants are better equipped to deal with SEP-related issues, and flexible IPR policies are more suitable for addressing these issues in the dynamic standardisation ecosystem. Against this backdrop, this comparative research aims to identify areas where SEP licensing framework can be improved by reforming IPR policies, and it develops some proposals using the black-letter and empirical research methods that SSOs can implement

    Current issues of the management of socio-economic systems in terms of globalization challenges

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    The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that the management of socio-economic systems in the terms of global challenges requires the use of mechanisms to ensure security, optimise the use of resource potential, increase competitiveness, and provide state support to economic entities. Basic research focuses on assessment of economic entities in the terms of global challenges, analysis of the financial system, migration flows, logistics and product exports, territorial development. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models in the context of global challenges, strategic planning, financial and food security, education management, information technology and innovation. The results of the study can be used in the developing of directions, programmes and strategies for sustainable development of economic entities and regions, increasing the competitiveness of products and services, decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate the processes of managing socio-economic systems. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on the management of socio-economic systems in the terms of global challenges

    Economic and Social Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Energy Sector

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    The purpose of the Special Issue was to collect the results of research and experience on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the energy sector and the energy market, broadly understood, that were visible after a year. In particular, the impact of COVID-19 on the energy sector in the EU, including Poland, and the US was examined. The topics concerned various issues, e.g., the situation of energy companies, including those listed on the stock exchange, mining companies, and those dealing with renewable energy. The topics related to the development of electromobility, managerial competences, energy expenditure of local government units, sustainable development of energy, and energy poverty during a pandemic were also discussed

    Fundamentals of Business

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    Fundamentals of Business, fourth edition (2023) is an open education resource intended to serve as a no-cost, faculty-customizable primary text for one-semester undergraduate introductory business courses. It covers the following topics in business: Teamwork; economics; ethics; entrepreneurship; business ownership, management, and leadership; organizational structures and operations management; human resources and motivating employees; managing in labor union contexts; marketing and pricing strategy; hospitality and tourism, accounting and finance, personal finances, and technology in business

    Land, Labour, Dispossession, and Politics among Scheduled Tribes in India: Framing an Adivasi Agrarian Question

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    This thesis conceptualises and enquires into an Adivasi Agrarian Question, rooted in Agrarian Marxism, to explore the class dynamics of ongoing agrarian changes among Adivasis. It studies i) land and labour as their bases of reproduction and differentiation, ii) dispossession, and iii) compares political struggles between two villages, one where social reproduction is primarily agrarian and the other primarily non-agrarian. Its comparative analysis of West Bengal and Chhattisgarh finds that adivasis are internally differentiated owing to historical inequalities and through the dynamics of agrarian change and capitalist relations within and beyond agriculture. They also face varying forms of dispossession. In response, they pursue different political strategies focused on defending their land, better working conditions and wages, or making claims of the state. In Chhattisgarh, land-based occupations form the primary basis of Kawars’ simple and expanded reproduction while Majhis and Agarias are typically landless and dependent on farm labour and precarious non-agrarian wage work. In the face of impending displacement due to coal mining, adivasis here have formed a cross-class cross-caste resistance with OBC groups. Building on a history of land and labour rights mobilisations, its current form advances the interests of petty capital, undermining the interests of adivasi classes of labour. In West Bengal, Santhals are land-poor, primarily working as labourers in the urban construction sector, with limited differentiation through non-agrarian petty commodity production and salaried employment. Lodhas are landless and work under oppressive conditions in agricultural and non-agricultural wage work, demonstrating stigmatised exploitation between adivasi classes of labour. Faced with individual dispossession due to urbanisation and legacies of land reforms, Santhals are unable to build solidarities in defense of land rights or make demands to improve conditions of wage work. They focus on making welfare demands of the ruling party in return for electoral support, excluding Lodhas from such claim-making
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