4,702 research outputs found
Metaphoric Paraphrase Generation
This work describes the task of metaphoric paraphrase generation, in which we
are given a literal sentence and are charged with generating a metaphoric
paraphrase. We propose two different models for this task: a lexical
replacement baseline and a novel sequence to sequence model, 'metaphor
masking', that generates free metaphoric paraphrases. We use crowdsourcing to
evaluate our results, as well as developing an automatic metric for evaluating
metaphoric paraphrases. We show that while the lexical replacement baseline is
capable of producing accurate paraphrases, they often lack metaphoricity, while
our metaphor masking model excels in generating metaphoric sentences while
performing nearly as well with regard to fluency and paraphrase quality.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
Information and Experience in Metaphor: A Perspective From Computer Analysis
Novel linguistic metaphor can be seen as the assignment of attributes to a topic through a vehicle belonging to another domain. The experience evoked by the vehicle is a significant aspect of the meaning of the metaphor, especially for abstract metaphor, which involves more than mere physical similarity. In this article I indicate, through description of a specific model, some possibilities as well as limitations of computer processing directed toward both informative and experiential/affective aspects of metaphor. A background to the discussion is given by other computational treatments of metaphor analysis, as well as by some questions about metaphor originating in other disciplines. The approach on which the present metaphor analysis model is based is consistent with a theory of language comprehension that includes both the intent of the originator and the effect on the recipient of the metaphor. The model addresses the dual problem of (a) determining potentially salient properties of the vehicle concept, and (b) defining extensible symbolic representations of such properties, including affective and other connotations. The nature of the linguistic analysis underlying the model suggests how metaphoric expression of experiential components in abstract metaphor is dependent on the nominalization of actions and attributes. The inverse process of undoing such nominalizations in computer analysis of metaphor constitutes a translation of a metaphor to a more literal expression within the metaphor-nonmetaphor dichotomy
Metaphoric coherence: Distinguishing verbal metaphor from `anomaly\u27
Theories and computational models of metaphor comprehension generally circumvent the question of metaphor versus “anomaly” in favor of a treatment of metaphor versus literal language. Making the distinction between metaphoric and “anomalous” expressions is subject to wide variation in judgment, yet humans agree that some potentially metaphoric expressions are much more comprehensible than others. In the context of a program which interprets simple isolated sentences that are potential instances of cross‐modal and other verbal metaphor, I consider some possible coherence criteria which must be satisfied for an expression to be “conceivable” metaphorically. Metaphoric constraints on object nominals are represented as abstracted or extended along with the invariant structural components of the verb meaning in a metaphor. This approach distinguishes what is preserved in metaphoric extension from that which is “violated”, thus referring to both “similarity” and “dissimilarity” views of metaphor. The role and potential limits of represented abstracted properties and constraints is discussed as they relate to the recognition of incoherent semantic combinations and the rejection or adjustment of metaphoric interpretations
Analogy as Higher-Order Metaphor in Aquinas
At a Thomas Instituut conference in 2000, Otto-Hermann Pesch suggested somewhat enigmatically that the sharp distinction in scholastic Thomism between analogy and metaphor can no longer be maintained since on closer examination analogous statements are in effect instances of a kind of \u27higher-order metaphor\u27. I Pesch intended this qualification primarily to draw attention to the agnostic or negative aspect of analogous speech.2 It is evident from Herwi Rikhof\u27s portrait of \u27Thomas at Utrecht\u27 ,3 that this emphasis on the negative dimension did not introduce anything controversial or novel at the Instituut
Censoring metaphors in translation: Shakespeare's Hamlet under Franco
In the three versions of Hamlet translated during the Franco regime in Spain, metaphors related to the censored themes of sex and religion were altered or removed. In this study, we employ the Metaphor Identification Procedure (Pragglejaz Group 2007) to identify all metaphors involving sex and religion in Shakespeare's Hamlet and its three Franco-era Spanish translations. We find that under the influence of censorship, authors employ many of the strategies for metaphor translation also used for uncensored texts, such as those identified by Newmark (1981), van den Broeck (1981), and Toury (1995). However, we argue that censorship encourages strategies judged as less preferable, more extreme, or which are not usually discussed in translation studies. These strategies appear to be selected specifically to remove the material subject to censorship, whether this is found in the source domain (vehicle) or the target domain (tenor) of a metaphor
I Spy a Metaphor: Large Language Models and Diffusion Models Co-Create Visual Metaphors
Visual metaphors are powerful rhetorical devices used to persuade or
communicate creative ideas through images. Similar to linguistic metaphors,
they convey meaning implicitly through symbolism and juxtaposition of the
symbols. We propose a new task of generating visual metaphors from linguistic
metaphors. This is a challenging task for diffusion-based text-to-image models,
such as DALLE 2, since it requires the ability to model implicit meaning
and compositionality. We propose to solve the task through the collaboration
between Large Language Models (LLMs) and Diffusion Models: Instruct GPT-3
(davinci-002) with Chain-of-Thought prompting generates text that represents a
visual elaboration of the linguistic metaphor containing the implicit meaning
and relevant objects, which is then used as input to the diffusion-based
text-to-image models.Using a human-AI collaboration framework, where humans
interact both with the LLM and the top-performing diffusion model, we create a
high-quality dataset containing 6,476 visual metaphors for 1,540 linguistic
metaphors and their associated visual elaborations. Evaluation by professional
illustrators shows the promise of LLM-Diffusion Model collaboration for this
task . To evaluate the utility of our Human-AI collaboration framework and the
quality of our dataset, we perform both an intrinsic human-based evaluation and
an extrinsic evaluation using visual entailment as a downstream task.Comment: ACL 2023 (Findings
Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey (2014), edited by John Wm. Houghton, Janet Brennan Croft, Nancy Martsch, John D. Rateliff, and Robin Anne Reid
Book review by Gergely Nagy of Tolkien in the New Century: Essays in Honor of Tom Shippey (2014), edited by John Wm. Houghton, Janet Brennan Croft, Nancy Martsch, John D. Rateliff, Robin Anne Rei
Multi-Figurative Language Generation
Figurative language generation is the task of reformulating a given text in the desired figure of speech while still being faithful to the original context. We take the first step towards multi-figurative language modelling by providing a benchmark for the automatic generation of five common figurative forms in English. We train mFLAG employing a scheme for multi-figurative language pre-training on top of BART, and a mechanism for injecting the target figurative information into the encoder; this enables the generation of text with the target figurative form from another figurative form without parallel figurative-figurative sentence pairs. Our approach outperforms all strong baselines. We also offer some qualitative analysis and reflections on the relationship between the different figures of speech
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