The emergence of property rights enforcement in early trade : A behavioral model without reputational effects

Original article can be found at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/ Copyright ElsevierThe present article focuses on the conditions that allow governments to increase property rights protection because they expect enough income from such action. We develop a behavioral explanation, according to which the answer lies in the growth in the importance, size and wealth of merchant guilds in the medieval era in Western Europe as well as a somewhat surprising effect of volatile price structures. We add to prior research by showing that even uncoordinated embargo pressures among multiple guilds could get medieval rulers to offer high levels of property rights protection. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

An Investigation into the Economic Thought of Medieval Arab-Islamic Scholars and Enlightenment Philosophers

This student-faculty collaborative research project focused on the contributions to economic thought of two distinct groups: medieval Arab-Islamic scholars and Enlightenment philosophers. The primary goal of the project was to generate two new chapters to supplement the Evolution of Economic Thought text. It looked to answer the research question, “How did the intellectual activity of medieval Arab-Islamic scholars and Enlightenment philosophers reflect and/or contribute to the development of modern economic thought?” The medieval Arab-Islamic chapter produced findings including a centrality of religion to economic life, the importance of specialization for increased efficiency, and an understanding of just price. Ibn Khaldūn, a prominent scholar of the medieval Arab-Islamic era, recognized a need for the division of labor, as individuals lack the capability of providing sufficient goods on their own to subsist. A holistic approach to thinking and an emphasis on rational methodology and objectivity were major contributions from the research on Enlightenment philosophers. Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory is a philosophical idea that underlies modern economic theory, discussed at length in the Enlightenment chapter. Both chapters will be accessible online and available for instructors to use separately or in conjunction with existing online chapters as precursors to the main, physical text

The Dies Irae ( Day of Wrath ) and Totentanz ( Dance of Death ): Medieval Themes Revisited in 19th Century Music and Culture

During the pivotal November 2002 football game of Arkansas vs. Georgia in the SEC conference championship, the Georgia marching band struck up their defensive rallying song. Instead of a typical defense song, the band played an excerpt of the Gregorian Sequence Dies Irae ( Day of Wrath\u27\u27) from the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass. Drastically dissociated from its original medieval milieu, this musical Sequence still manages to elicit the same effect of fear and foreboding nearly a thousand years later. Precisely because of its deep musical and cultural roots, the Dies Irae occupies a significant place in history, closely intertwined from early on with the medieval folk motif Totentanz ( Dance of Death ), widely depicted in medieval art, and dramatically revived in 19th century music, art, and literature. This multi-disciplinary study focuses on the history of art and music of these two medieval themes during their development, and then moves on to study them in 19th century culture. Specifically, the manipulation of the original Gregorian chant and the incorporation of the idea of a medieval dance are analyzed in the music of Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, and Camille Saint-Saens. Numerous other contextual links are explored as well, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Victor Hugo, Henri Cazalis, William Blake, and Alfred Rethel, all of whom created 19th century artistic or literary masterpieces derived from the thematic seeds of the Dies Irae and the Totentanz. Although neither of these ideas endured in their original form during the Romantic era, the inherently compelling nature of these themes that center on the macabre but inevitable end of life captivated the Romantic geniuses and continue to intrigue us to this day

Ethnicity and the Writing of Medieval Scottish history

Historians have long tended to define medieval Scottish society in terms of interactions between ethnic groups. This approach was developed over the course of the long nineteenth century, a formative period for the study of medieval Scotland. At that time, many scholars based their analysis upon scientific principles, long since debunked, which held that medieval 'peoples' could only be understood in terms of 'full ethnic packages'. This approach was combined with a positivist historical narrative that defined Germanic Anglo-Saxons and Normans as the harbingers of advances of Civilisation. While the prejudices of that era have largely faded away, the modern discipline still relies all too often on a dualistic ethnic framework. This is particularly evident in a structure of periodisation that draws a clear line between the 'Celtic' eleventh century and the 'Norman' twelfth. Furthermore, dualistic oppositions based on ethnicity continue, particularly in discussions of the law, kingship, lordship and religion

Poder y política en la era absolutista medieval del renacimiento

La era absolutista medieval abarca los siglos XVI al XVIII, este período define el inicio de la era moderna porque aquí se sientan las bases filosóficas y teóricas que niegan el feudalismo medieval para dar paso al estado absolutista, donde el rey ejerce el poder absoluto. En esta época se desarrolla el renacimiento que representa un amplio movimiento cultural donde se producen cambios significativos en las artes, las ciencias, la política, la filosofía y la religión. El enfoque central del renacimiento está en el ser humano como centro del pensamiento occidental, se desarrolla el humanismo medieval, donde se combina el racionalismo y el naturalismo. En este artículo se anotan los principales aportes de: Nicolás Maquiavelo, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Erasmo de Róterdam, Tomás Moro y los iluministas franceses del Siglo XVIII Montesquieu, Voltaire y Rousseau. La base metodológica de este artículo es la investigación documental bibliográfica y en líne

Elites and Oligarchies in the Late Medieva Portuguese Urban World

The purpose of this articlc is to review the state of knowledge about elites and oligarchies in ihe Portuguese urban world, during the Medieval Era. To achieve this objective, the following outline will be used. 1- Review of the situation in urban iiistory and studies of power in Portugal. 2- Recent research: a political reading of the Portuguese urban world. 3- Siirnrnary of the status of municipalities in the political systern in medieval Portugal. 4- The rnethods and historiographical perspectives of research on urban elites. 5- Case study: the power elites in a Portuguese town in the Medieval Era.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Martín de Riquer o una vida dedicada a la literatura

The author tells how did he know Martín de Riquer´s works. This knowledge helped him to choose the degree of Romance Languages in the University Complutense of Madrid. There he could realize Professor Riquer was a reference in all the subjects he studied: Spanish Medieval Literature, French Medieval Literature, Provençal poetry, Cervantes´ Quijote and Avellaneda´s Quijote, or the Catalan Medieval Literature. Thanks to it, the author analyses some of his most highlights works and his methodology.El autor cuenta cómo el conocimiento de la obra de Martín de Riquer le sirvió para decantarse hacia el mundo de la Filología Románica, una carrera que estudió en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Aquí se dio cuenta de que el profesor Martín de Riquer era un referente en casi todas las materias que estudiaba: Literatura medieval española, Literatura medieval francesa, Lírica provenzal, el Quijote cervantino y el de Avellaneda, o la Literatura medieval catalana. Gracias a ello, el autor aprovecha para analizar algunas de las obras más significativas del filólogo Martín de Riquer y su método de trabajo

XIII. Political Liberalism and Nationalism, 1815-1871

The first half of the nineteenth century saw the emergence of two secular faiths which became key features of Western thought: political liberalism and nationalism- Their tenets were not wTiblly ne^ As~early as the lourteenth century when medieval feudalism was giving way to the rising national state, Marsiglio of Padua (c. 1275 - c, 1343) had announced that political authority was properly lodged in the people. The seventeenth century had produced in John Locke (1632-1704) a man whose ideas on government later became a wellspring for political liberalism. The same era also found nationalism accentuated by colonial rivalries and mercantilist doctrines. Later, the Enlightenment left a legacy to both political liberalism and nationalism. The philosophes had reflected on ways and means of broadening the basis for government founded to preserve those inalienable rights based on natural law. In addition, their attacks on Christian superstitions undermined popular respect for religion, thereby opening the way for a new object of reverence. [excerpt

Roman Catholic Era Medieval Period

The church's response to loss and decline under Islam was mixed: the cross in one and the sword in the other. The early church had generally condemned war. But the western medieval Roman Church said, "God wills it! " Apparently baptism had not washed away certain vices of the now Christianized barbarians and Vikings, whose ancestors regarded war as an art. While the church can transform her surrounding culture, the culture also changes the church, for better or worse. A barbaric spirit entered the church. Viking descendants would lead all of the major Crusades. Muslims still remember the cruelty and revenge Christians inflicted on them in God's name, even though their retaliation was not too dissimilar. Hostility and persecution against the Jews in this period was equally atrocious by both Crusaders and Muslims. The theme and means of “evangelism ” in the empire was by a “compel ” focus. This notion came from the words of Jesus: “"Then the master said to the servant, 'Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled” (NKJ Luke 14:23). The church took the exaggerated meaning of this word to justify torture, capital punishment and the Inquisition. By the words, "compel them to come in,&quot

He Was The Best of Kings; He Was the Worst of Kings: A Critique of the Literary Presentation of Richard I

In order to achieve a more holistic understanding of Mediterranean History during the Third Crusade, a critical analysis of Richard I is necessary. This paper questions how accurately Richard I was portrayed in literary sources during the Third Crusade and attempts to construct as complete an image of the various motivations that led to differing depictions of Richard I as possible through a critical analysis of literary sources. Focusing on how his actions during the Third Crusade were interpreted, this paper will show the various, often opposing, sentiments held by both Western and Muslim authors on Richard I. Once a comprehensive presentation of the literary representations of Richard I has been established, this paper will question motives behind authors’ characterizations of King Richard in order to create a greater understanding of the politics and cultural biases that were driving forces behind the actions of the Third Crusade and modern interpretation