On the Impact of Transposition Errors in Diffusion-Based Channels

In this work, we consider diffusion-based molecular communication with and without drift between two static nano-machines. We employ type-based information encoding, releasing a single molecule per information bit. At the receiver, we consider an asynchronous detection algorithm which exploits the arrival order of the molecules. In such systems, transposition errors fundamentally undermine reliability and capacity. Thus, in this work we study the impact of transpositions on the system performance. Towards this, we present an analytical expression for the exact bit error probability (BEP) caused by transpositions and derive computationally tractable approximations of the BEP for diffusion-based channels with and without drift. Based on these results, we analyze the BEP when background is not negligible and derive the optimal bit interval that minimizes the BEP. Simulation results confirm the theoretical results and show the error and goodput performance for different parameters such as block size or noise generation rate.Comment: This paper has been submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communication

A comprehensive survey on hybrid communication in context of molecular communication and terahertz communication for body-centric nanonetworks

With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sensor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the communication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particular application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular communications are widely considered as two main promising paradigms and both follow their own development process. In this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is discussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research directions are presented