10 research outputs found
Local Causal States and Discrete Coherent Structures
Coherent structures form spontaneously in nonlinear spatiotemporal systems
and are found at all spatial scales in natural phenomena from laboratory
hydrodynamic flows and chemical reactions to ocean, atmosphere, and planetary
climate dynamics. Phenomenologically, they appear as key components that
organize the macroscopic behaviors in such systems. Despite a century of
effort, they have eluded rigorous analysis and empirical prediction, with
progress being made only recently. As a step in this, we present a formal
theory of coherent structures in fully-discrete dynamical field theories. It
builds on the notion of structure introduced by computational mechanics,
generalizing it to a local spatiotemporal setting. The analysis' main tool
employs the \localstates, which are used to uncover a system's hidden
spatiotemporal symmetries and which identify coherent structures as
spatially-localized deviations from those symmetries. The approach is
behavior-driven in the sense that it does not rely on directly analyzing
spatiotemporal equations of motion, rather it considers only the spatiotemporal
fields a system generates. As such, it offers an unsupervised approach to
discover and describe coherent structures. We illustrate the approach by
analyzing coherent structures generated by elementary cellular automata,
comparing the results with an earlier, dynamic-invariant-set approach that
decomposes fields into domains, particles, and particle interactions.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures;
http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/dcs.ht
A Physics-Based Approach to Unsupervised Discovery of Coherent Structures in Spatiotemporal Systems
Given that observational and numerical climate data are being produced at
ever more prodigious rates, increasingly sophisticated and automated analysis
techniques have become essential. Deep learning is quickly becoming a standard
approach for such analyses and, while great progress is being made, major
challenges remain. Unlike commercial applications in which deep learning has
led to surprising successes, scientific data is highly complex and typically
unlabeled. Moreover, interpretability and detecting new mechanisms are key to
scientific discovery. To enhance discovery we present a complementary
physics-based, data-driven approach that exploits the causal nature of
spatiotemporal data sets generated by local dynamics (e.g. hydrodynamic flows).
We illustrate how novel patterns and coherent structures can be discovered in
cellular automata and outline the path from them to climate data.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure;
http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/ci2017_Rupe_et_al.ht
The Origins of Computational Mechanics: A Brief Intellectual History and Several Clarifications
The principle goal of computational mechanics is to define pattern and
structure so that the organization of complex systems can be detected and
quantified. Computational mechanics developed from efforts in the 1970s and
early 1980s to identify strange attractors as the mechanism driving weak fluid
turbulence via the method of reconstructing attractor geometry from measurement
time series and in the mid-1980s to estimate equations of motion directly from
complex time series. In providing a mathematical and operational definition of
structure it addressed weaknesses of these early approaches to discovering
patterns in natural systems.
Since then, computational mechanics has led to a range of results from
theoretical physics and nonlinear mathematics to diverse applications---from
closed-form analysis of Markov and non-Markov stochastic processes that are
ergodic or nonergodic and their measures of information and intrinsic
computation to complex materials and deterministic chaos and intelligence in
Maxwellian demons to quantum compression of classical processes and the
evolution of computation and language.
This brief review clarifies several misunderstandings and addresses concerns
recently raised regarding early works in the field (1980s). We show that
misguided evaluations of the contributions of computational mechanics are
groundless and stem from a lack of familiarity with its basic goals and from a
failure to consider its historical context. For all practical purposes, its
modern methods and results largely supersede the early works. This not only
renders recent criticism moot and shows the solid ground on which computational
mechanics stands but, most importantly, shows the significant progress achieved
over three decades and points to the many intriguing and outstanding challenges
in understanding the computational nature of complex dynamic systems.Comment: 11 pages, 123 citations;
http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/cmr.ht
Towards Unsupervised Segmentation of Extreme Weather Events
Extreme weather is one of the main mechanisms through which climate change
will directly impact human society. Coping with such change as a global
community requires markedly improved understanding of how global warming drives
extreme weather events. While alternative climate scenarios can be simulated
using sophisticated models, identifying extreme weather events in these
simulations requires automation due to the vast amounts of complex
high-dimensional data produced. Atmospheric dynamics, and hydrodynamic flows
more generally, are highly structured and largely organize around a lower
dimensional skeleton of coherent structures. Indeed, extreme weather events are
a special case of more general hydrodynamic coherent structures. We present a
scalable physics-based representation learning method that decomposes
spatiotemporal systems into their structurally relevant components, which are
captured by latent variables known as local causal states. For complex fluid
flows we show our method is capable of capturing known coherent structures, and
with promising segmentation results on CAM5.1 water vapor data we outline the
path to extreme weather identification from unlabeled climate model simulation
data
Spacetime Symmetries, Invariant Sets, and Additive Subdynamics of Cellular Automata
Cellular automata are fully-discrete, spatially-extended dynamical systems
that evolve by simultaneously applying a local update function. Despite their
simplicity, the induced global dynamic produces a stunning array of
richly-structured, complex behaviors. These behaviors present a challenge to
traditional closed-form analytic methods. In certain cases, specifically when
the local update is additive, powerful techniques may be brought to bear,
including characteristic polynomials, the ergodic theorem with Fourier
analysis, and endomorphisms of compact Abelian groups. For general dynamics,
though, where such analytics generically do not apply, behavior-driven analysis
shows great promise in directly monitoring the emergence of structure and
complexity in cellular automata. Here we detail a surprising connection between
generalized symmetries in the spacetime fields of configuration orbits as
revealed by the behavior-driven local causal states, invariant sets of spatial
configurations, and additive subdynamics which allow for closed-form analytic
methods.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables;
http://csc.ucdavis.edu/~cmg/compmech/pubs/ssisad.ht
Introduction to Focus Issue: Causation inference and information flow in dynamical systems: Theory and applications
Questions of causation are foundational across science and often relate further to problems of control, policy decisions, and forecasts. In nonlinear dynamics and complex systems science, causation inference and information flow are closely related concepts, whereby information or knowledge of certain states can be thought of as coupling influence onto the future states of other processes in a complex system. While causation inference and information flow are by now classical topics, incorporating methods from statistics and time series analysis, information theory, dynamical systems, and statistical mechanics, to name a few, there remain important advancements in continuing to strengthen the theory, and pushing the context of applications, especially with the ever-increasing abundance of data collected across many fields and systems. This Focus Issue considers different aspects of these questions, both in terms of founding theory and several topical applications