42,651 research outputs found
A Three-Step Methodology to Improve Domestic Energy Efficiency
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efļ¬ciency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies have been developed to improve this efļ¬ciency. Next to large scale technologies such as windturbine parks, domestic technologies are developed. These domestic technologies can be divided in 1) Distributed Generation (DG), 2) Energy Storage and 3) Demand Side Load Management. Control algorithms optimizing a combination of these techniques can raise the energy reduction potential of the individual techniques. In this paper an overview of current research is given and a general concept is deducted. Based on this concept, a three-step optimization methodology is proposed using 1) ofļ¬ine local prediction, 2) ofļ¬ine global planning and 3) online local scheduling. The paper ends with results of simulations and ļ¬eld tests showing that the methodology is promising.\u
Islanded house operation using a micro CHP
The ĀµCHP is expected as the successor of\ud
the conventional high-efficiency boiler producing next to\ud
heat also electricity with a comparable overall efficiency.\ud
A ĀµCHP appliance saves money and reduces greenhouse\ud
gas emission.\ud
An additional functionality of the ĀµCHP is using the\ud
appliance as a backupgenerator in case of a power outage.\ud
The ĀµCHPcould supply the essential loads, the heating and\ud
reduce the discomfort up to a certain level. This requires\ud
modiļ¬cations on the ĀµCHP appliance itself as well as on\ud
the domestic electricity infrastructure. Furthermore some\ud
extra hardware and a control algorithm for load balancing\ud
are necessary.\ud
Our load balancing algorithm is supposed to start and\ud
stop the ĀµCHP and switch off loads if necessary. The ļ¬rst\ud
simulation results show that most of the electricity usage\ud
is under the maximum generation line, but to reduce the\ud
discomfort an electricity buffer is required.\u
Hard- and software implementation and veriļ¬cation of an Islanded House prototype
Abstract: Rising energy prices and the greenhouse eļ¬ect gave a boost to the innovation of energy saving technologies. One of these technologies is microCHP, a replacement of a boiler producing heat and electricity. We investigated whether it is possible to use a microCHP to decrease discomfort during a power cut by supplying the most important appliances, creating a so called Islanded House. Simulations showed that the discomfort can be decreased when also a battery is added. A prototype is used to justify the assumptions made for the simulation. Finally, one of the control algorithms used in the simulations is implemented as controller for the prototype. Based on these results we conclude that it is possible to create an Islanded House and to decrease the discomfort signiļ¬cantly.\u
Decentralized Demand Side Management with Rooftop PV in Residential Distribution Network
In the past extensive researches have been conducted on demand side
management (DSM) program which aims at reducing peak loads and saving
electricity cost. In this paper, we propose a framework to study decentralized
household demand side management in a residential distribution network which
consists of multiple smart homes with schedulable electrical appliances and
some rooftop photovoltaic generation units. Each smart home makes individual
appliance scheduling to optimize the electric energy cost according to the
day-ahead forecast of electricity prices and its willingness for convenience
sacrifice. Using the developed simulation model, we examine the performance of
decentralized household DSM and study their impacts on the distribution network
operation and renewable integration, in terms of utilization efficiency of
rooftop PV generation, overall voltage deviation, real power loss, and possible
reverse power flows.Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures, ISGT 2018 conferenc
Control and Communication Protocols that Enable Smart Building Microgrids
Recent communication, computation, and technology advances coupled with
climate change concerns have transformed the near future prospects of
electricity transmission, and, more notably, distribution systems and
microgrids. Distributed resources (wind and solar generation, combined heat and
power) and flexible loads (storage, computing, EV, HVAC) make it imperative to
increase investment and improve operational efficiency. Commercial and
residential buildings, being the largest energy consumption group among
flexible loads in microgrids, have the largest potential and flexibility to
provide demand side management. Recent advances in networked systems and the
anticipated breakthroughs of the Internet of Things will enable significant
advances in demand response capabilities of intelligent load network of
power-consuming devices such as HVAC components, water heaters, and buildings.
In this paper, a new operating framework, called packetized direct load control
(PDLC), is proposed based on the notion of quantization of energy demand. This
control protocol is built on top of two communication protocols that carry
either complete or binary information regarding the operation status of the
appliances. We discuss the optimal demand side operation for both protocols and
analytically derive the performance differences between the protocols. We
propose an optimal reservation strategy for traditional and renewable energy
for the PDLC in both day-ahead and real time markets. In the end we discuss the
fundamental trade-off between achieving controllability and endowing
flexibility
Supporting high penetrations of renewable generation via implementation of real-time electricity pricing and demand response
The rollout of smart meters raises the prospect that domestic customer electrical demand can be responsive to changes in supply capacity. Such responsive demand will become increasingly relevant in electrical power systems, as the proportion of weather-dependent renewable generation increases, due to the difficulty and expense of storing electrical energy. One method of providing response is to allow direct control of customer devices by network operators, as in the UK 'Economy 7' and 'White Meter' schemes used to control domestic electrical heating. However, such direct control is much less acceptable for loads such as washing machines, lighting and televisions. This study instead examines the use of real-time pricing of electricity in the domestic sector. This allows customers to be flexible but, importantly, to retain overall control. A simulation methodology for highlighting the potential effects of, and possible problems with, a national implementation of real-time pricing in the UK domestic electricity market is presented. This is done by disaggregating domestic load profiles and then simulating price-based elastic and load-shifting responses. Analysis of a future UK scenario with 15 GW wind penetration shows that during low-wind events, UK peak demand could be reduced by 8-11 GW. This could remove the requirement for 8-11 GW of standby generation with a capital cost of Ā£2.6 to Ā£3.6 billion. Recommended further work is the investigation of improved demand-forecasting and the price-setting strategies. This is a fine balance between giving customers access to plentiful, cheap energy when it is available, but increasing prices just enough to reduce demand to meet the supply capacity when this capacity is limited
From Packet to Power Switching: Digital Direct Load Scheduling
At present, the power grid has tight control over its dispatchable generation
capacity but a very coarse control on the demand. Energy consumers are shielded
from making price-aware decisions, which degrades the efficiency of the market.
This state of affairs tends to favor fossil fuel generation over renewable
sources. Because of the technological difficulties of storing electric energy,
the quest for mechanisms that would make the demand for electricity
controllable on a day-to-day basis is gaining prominence. The goal of this
paper is to provide one such mechanisms, which we call Digital Direct Load
Scheduling (DDLS). DDLS is a direct load control mechanism in which we unbundle
individual requests for energy and digitize them so that they can be
automatically scheduled in a cellular architecture. Specifically, rather than
storing energy or interrupting the job of appliances, we choose to hold
requests for energy in queues and optimize the service time of individual
appliances belonging to a broad class which we refer to as "deferrable loads".
The function of each neighborhood scheduler is to optimize the time at which
these appliances start to function. This process is intended to shape the
aggregate load profile of the neighborhood so as to optimize an objective
function which incorporates the spot price of energy, and also allows
distributed energy resources to supply part of the generation dynamically.Comment: Accepted by the IEEE journal of Selected Areas in Communications
(JSAC): Smart Grid Communications series, to appea
Smart Microgrids: Overview and Outlook
The idea of changing our energy system from a hierarchical design into a set
of nearly independent microgrids becomes feasible with the availability of
small renewable energy generators. The smart microgrid concept comes with
several challenges in research and engineering targeting load balancing,
pricing, consumer integration and home automation. In this paper we first
provide an overview on these challenges and present approaches that target the
problems identified. While there exist promising algorithms for the particular
field, we see a missing integration which specifically targets smart
microgrids. Therefore, we propose an architecture that integrates the presented
approaches and defines interfaces between the identified components such as
generators, storage, smart and \dq{dumb} devices.Comment: presented at the GI Informatik 2012, Braunschweig Germany, Smart Grid
Worksho
Domestic energy management methodology for optimizing efficiency in Smart Grids
Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of domestic technologies have been developed to improve this efficiency. These technologies on their own already improve the efficiency, but more can be gained by a combined management. Multiple optimization objectives can be used to improve the efficiency, from peak shaving and Virtual Power Plant (VPP) to adapting to fluctuating generation of wind turbines. In this paper a generic management methology is proposed applicable for most domestic technologies, scenarios and optimization objectives. Both local scale optimization objectives (a single house) and global scale optimization objectives (multiple houses) can be used. Simulations of different scenarios show that both local and global objectives can be reached
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