3D lithium ion batteries—from fundamentals to fabrication

3D microbatteries are proposed as a step change in the energy and power per footprint of surface mountable rechargeable batteries for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and other small electronic devices. Within a battery electrode, a 3D nanoarchitecture gives mesoporosity, increasing power by reducing the length of the diffusion path; in the separator region it can form the basis of a robust but porous solid, isolating the electrodes and immobilising an otherwise fluid electrolyte. 3D microarchitecture of the whole cell allows fabrication of interdigitated or interpenetrating networks that minimise the ionic path length between the electrodes in a thick cell. This article outlines the design principles for 3D microbatteries and estimates the geometrical and physical requirements of the materials. It then gives selected examples of recent progress in the techniques available for fabrication of 3D battery structures by successive deposition of electrodes, electrolytes and current collectors onto microstructured substrates by self-assembly methods

Preparation of Copper doped Vanadium Pentoxide Thin Films Electrodes and Its Application in Micro-scale All Solid State Li-ion Batteries

随着微机电系统（MEMS）的发展，微型设备已经进入人们的生活。大体积的外接电源限制了微设备的推广应用，同时电源也逐渐向微小型化方向发展，进一步研究将微电源跟微设备集成在同一芯片上成为了新的发展趋势。全固态薄膜锂离子电池具有能量密度高、电压高、循环性能好和安全稳定等优点，并且制备工艺与MEMS的集成相兼容，是最适合应用于MEMS器件上的集成微能源。本论文目的是研究铜掺杂对V2O5薄膜的电化学性能的影响，并以V2O5及其掺杂铜的Cu2.1VO4.4薄膜做为负极薄膜，研制了微型全固态薄膜锂离子电池。研究成果对今后的微型薄膜锂离子电池的研究和应用都具有重要的借鉴参考意义。 在本论文中，首先对全固态薄...With the development of micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), the micro devices have entered people's life. However large volume of external power sources limits the popularization and application of micro devices. Microminiaturization of power sources and integration of micro power sources into the same chip with micro devices have gradually become the development focus for further researc...学位：工学博士院系专业：物理与机电工程学院_测试计量技术及仪器学号：1992006015319

In Situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Lithium-Oxygen Redox Reactions

The lack of fundamental understanding of the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in nonaqueous electrolytes significantly hinders the development of rechargeable lithium-air batteries. Here we employ a solid-state Li4+xTi5O12/LiPON/LixV2O5 cell and examine in situ the chemistry of Li-O2 reaction products on LixV2O5 as a function of applied voltage under ultra high vacuum (UHV) and at 500 mtorr of oxygen pressure using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS). Under UHV, lithium intercalated into LixV2O5 while molecular oxygen was reduced to form lithium peroxide on LixV2O5 in the presence of oxygen upon discharge. Interestingly, the oxidation of Li2O2 began at much lower overpotentials (~240 mV) than the charge overpotentials of conventional Li-O2 cells with aprotic electrolytes (~1000 mV). Our study provides the first evidence of reversible lithium peroxide formation and decomposition in situ on an oxide surface using a solid-state cell, and new insights into the reaction mechanism of Li-O2 chemistry.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) Program, Award DMR-0819762)United States. Dept. of Energy (Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies of the U. S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00098)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States. Dept. of Energy (Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering

Thermoelectric generator and solid-state battery for stand-alone microsystems

This paper presents a thermoelectric (TE) generator and a solid-state battery for powering microsystems. Prototypes of TE generators were fabricated and characterized. The TE generator is a planar microstructure based on thin films of n-type bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and p-type antimony telluride (Sb2Te3), which were deposited using co-evaporation. The measurements on selected samples of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 thin films indicated a Seebeck coefficient in the range of 90–250 μV K−1 and an in-plane electrical resistivity in the range of 7–17 μÄ m. The measurements also showed TE figures-of-merit, ZT, at room temperatures (T = 300 K) of 0.97 and 0.56, for thin films of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, respectively (equivalent to a power factor, PF, of 4.87 mW K−2 m−1 and 2.81 mW K−2 m−1). The solid-state battery is based on thin films of: an anode of tin dioxide (SnO2), an electrolyte of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LixPOyNz, known as LiPON) and a cathode of lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2, known as LiCO), which were deposited using the reactive RF (radio-frequency) sputtering. The deposition and characterization results of these thin-films layers are also reported in this paper.This work was fully supported by FCT/PTDC/EEA-ENE/66855/2006 project

High-capacity electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage: Role of nanoscale effects

This review summarizes the current state-of-the art electrode materials used for high-capacity lithium-ion-based batteries and their significant role towards revolutionizing the elec- trochemical energy storage landscape in the area of consumer electronics, transportation and grid storage application. We discuss the role of nanoscale effects on the electrochemical performance of high-capacity battery electrode materials. Decrease in the particle size of the primary electrode materials from micron to nanometre size improves the ionic and electronic diffusion rates signifi- cantly. Nanometre-thick solid electrolyte (such as lithium phosphorous oxynitride) and oxides (such as Al 2 O 3 ,ZnO,TiO 2 etc.) material coatings also improve the interfacial stability and rate capability of a number of battery chemistries. We elucidate these effects in terms of different high-capacity battery chemistries based on intercalation and conversion mechanism