Language

The world's greatest playwright is as alive today as he was 400 years ago. His works reflect the political and domestic concerns of contemporary society and are read widely by students, adapted into lavish films, and staged in stunning new productions each year. His words have become commonplaces of the English language and continue to shape our view of the world. And while his works teach us much about ourselves, they also illuminate the world of the Elizabethan and Jacobean England in which he lived and wrote. The most exhaustive and authoritative work of its kind, this fully illustrated encyclopedia draws upon the expertise of a distinguished editor, internationally renowned advisory and editorial board, and hundreds of stellar contributors to chronicle Shakespeare's life, works, world, and legacy. Nearly 4,000 alphabetically arranged entries cover individual works, important actors, leading thinkers and theorists, influential modern adaptations, and numerous historical and contemporary social, political, cultural, and intellectual topics, such as Catholicism, costumes and clothing, jazz, lesbianism, madness, race, science, Shakespeare in the Arab world, and Shakespeare online. The entries, ranging from 50 to over 5,000 words, cite works for further reading, and the encyclopedia closes with appendices listing DVDs, fiction, and children's and young adult literature; an extensive bibliography of print and electronic resources for student research; and a comprehensive index

Identity and Granularity of Events in Text

In this paper we describe a method to detect event descrip- tions in different news articles and to model the semantics of events and their components using RDF representations. We compare these descriptions to solve a cross-document event coreference task. Our com- ponent approach to event semantics defines identity and granularity of events at different levels. It performs close to state-of-the-art approaches on the cross-document event coreference task, while outperforming other works when assuming similar quality of event detection. We demonstrate how granularity and identity are interconnected and we discuss how se- mantic anomaly could be used to define differences between coreference, subevent and topical relations.Comment: Invited keynote speech by Piek Vossen at Cicling 201

Deflationary Language

In the following recessionary story, numbers and letters deflate instead of inflate, and any word that has a comparative element is changed to its lower or lesser counterpart

LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE AND LANGUAGE SHIFT

In language shifts, ancestral tongues are abandoned by their speakers and replaced, in one way or another, by dominant languages. Such changes in language use will ultimately lead to the irreversible suppression of the world's language diversity. Language maintenance attempts to counter these processes. Linguists may assist ethno linguistic minorities in safeguarding their threatened languages in many different ways, including establishing orthography when necessary, but speakers decide to abandon their heritage languages within a broad socio-political and economic context. Communities uphold or give up languages, so only the speakers of endangered languages themselves can opt for and execute language maintenance activities. Linguists might have to accept that some communities may no longer care for their heritage languages

Language Preference in a Bi-language Digital Library

This paper examines user choice of interface language in a bi-language digital library(English and Maori, the language of the indigenous people of New Zealand)/ the majority of collection documents are in Maori, and the interface is available in both Maori and English. Log analysis shows three categories of preference for interface language: primarily English, primarily Maori and bilingual(switching back and forth between the two)

Robust language recognition via adaptive language factor extraction

This paper presents a technique to adapt an acoustically based language classifier to the background conditions and speaker accents. This adaptation improves language classification on a broad spectrum of TV broadcasts. The core of the system consists of an iVector-based setup in which language and channel variabilities are modeled separately. The subsequent language classifier (the backend) operates on the language factors, i.e. those features in the extracted iVectors that explain the observed language variability. The proposed technique adapts the language variability model to the background conditions and to the speaker accents present in the audio. The effect of the adaptation is evaluated on a 28 hours corpus composed of documentaries and monolingual as well as multilingual broadcast news shows. Consistent improvements in the automatic identification of Flemish (Belgian Dutch), English and French are demonstrated for all broadcast types

Written language skills in children with specific language impairment

Background. Young children are often required to carry out writing tasks in an educational context. However, little is known about the patterns of writing skills that children with Specific Language Impairment (CwSLI) have relative to their typically developing peers

COMMON LANGUAGE VERSUS SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE

This paper deals with the presentation of the common language and the specialized one. We also highlighted the relations and the differences between them. The specialized language is a vector of specialized knowledge, but sometimes it contains units from the common language. The common language is unmarked and it is based on the daily non-specialized exchange. The specialized languages are different from the common languages, regarding their usage and the information they convey. The communication of specialized information can take place within a small circle of specialists, or it can be addressed to the non-specialists (popularization). The popularization of the scientific discourse, to a smaller degree of specialization is very useful nowadays, because it is understood by many speakers.common language, specialized language, lexical unit, technical terminology, specialized terms, general language